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Nfushtpd; kyghh; khg;gps;is K];ypk;ffs; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk; - mth;fSf;F tpRthr Copah;fshd Nkl;Lf;FbapdUf;F vjpuhfTk; fpsh;e;njOe;j ,g;Gul;rpia xLf;f khg;gps;is mTl;Nur; rl;lk;> khg;gps;isf; fj;jpr; rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw kyghh; K];ypk;fs; kPJ muR jpdpj;jJ. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpapy; epfo;e;j ,f;fpsh;r;rpapd; NghJ nghf;fhj;Jhupy; capupoe;j khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 600. gl;lhk;gpapy; capupoe;jth;fspd; vz;zf;if 500. ifJ nra;ag;gl;L jp&hpypUe;J Nfhak;gj;JhUf;F ruf;F uapypd; fhw;Wg;Gfhj ngl;bfSf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;L nfhz;L tUk;NghJ>%r;Rj;jpzwp ,we;j khg;gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if 55 vd;W 1921 nrg;lk;gh; 1 - ,y; ntspahd jp ,z;bngd;ld;l; gj;jphpf;if $wpaJ.* *B.M.Tank,Non-Co.operation Movement in India.1921,A Historical Study,P.106. ,Jnty;yhk; khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; jpahfj;ijg; gw;wp ehd; gbj;J fz;fs; gdpj;j tuyhW. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;iw vOjp gy tuyhw;W mwpQh;fsJ Ehy;fspd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; Nrhfq;fspd; fdj;NjhL milgl;Lf;fplf;Fk; ,e;jg;Gul;rp tuyhW Nguhrphpah; ntq;fNlrd; mth;fSf;F kl;Lk; njhpahky; NghdJ Mr;rhpaNk. 1985- ,y; ntspte;j ,tuJ Ehypd; Mq;fpy kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gjpg;GfisNa ,sq;fis khzth;fs; mjpfkhfg;gbf;fpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah Neh;ikahd Ma;T kdk; nfhz;l Nguhrphpah;fs; - tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs; jkpofj;jpy ,Ue;Jk;>,tuJ thpfSf;Fs; Kfk; fhl;Lk; tFg;Gzh;Tf;F xUth; $l vjph;g;G njhptpf;fhjJ tUe;Jjw;FwpaJ. xhprh khepyj;jpd; Kd;dhs; fth;dUk; Kd;dhs ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; tuyhw;W mwpQUkhd B. N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; vOjpa ,];yhKk; ,e;jpaf; fyhr; rhuKk; vd;w Ehiyg;gbj;jNghJ> B.N. ghz;Nl Nghd;w mwpQh;fSf;F ,Ue;j jhh;kPf czh;T $l ,];yhkpa fy;tpahsh;fSf;F ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lNj vd;W Mjq;fg;gl;Nld;. vd;id Mjq;fg;gl itj;j mf;fl;Liur;nra;jp ,J jhd;;;: B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; 1928 - ,y; myfhghj;jpy; khtPuh; jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ> Mq;fpNyh -ngq;fhyp fy;Yhhp khzth; kd;wj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;fofj;ij njhlq;fpitj;J ciuahw;w miof;fg; gl;bUe;jhh;.mt;Tiiuf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ> md;W uh[];jhd;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xuprh> gP`hh;> ngq;fhy; khepyq;fspd; cah;epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU Ehiyg;gbj;J mjph;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rk];fpUjj;Jiwj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jphp vOjpa mt;tuyhw;W E}ypy;> B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fis mjph;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpa nra;jp ,Jjhd;: jpg;GRy;jhd; 3000 gpuhkzh;fis ,];yhj;jpy; ,izag; gyhj;fhuk; nra;j NghJ>mth;fs; midtUk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldh;! - ,j;jftiyg; gbj;jTld; B.N. ghz;Nl cldbahf> ve;j Mjhuj;ijf;nfhz;L ,ij vOjpdPh;fs; -vd;W lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupf;F tpsf;fk; Nfl;L fbjk; xd;iw mDg;Gfpwhh;. gy fbjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupaplk; ,Ue;J te;j fbjj;jpy;> ik#h; nf]l;by; ,Ue;J ,jw;fhd Mjhuk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W gjpy; tUfpwJ. cldbahf ik#h; gy;fiyf;fifj;jpd; JizNte;jh; rh;.gpN[e;jpuehj; ]Py; mth;fSf;F> lhf;lh;.`hpgpurhj; rh];jpup mth;fs; ik#h; nf]l;bypUe;J vLj;jhf $wg;gLk; nra;jp cz;ikjhdh vd;W tprhhpj;J vOJfpwhh;. 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NkYk; jpg;GRy;jhd; 156 ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fSf;F tUlhe;jpu nryTf;fhf khz;ak; toq;fpa gl;baiyAk;: rpUq;Nfhp klk; [fj; FU rq;fuhr;rhhpahUf;Fk; jpg;GRy;jhDf;Fk; ,Ue;j Ner cwit ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpg;GRy;jhd; rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpw;F vOjpa 30 fbjq;fspd; Gifg;gl efy;fisAk; B.N.ghz;Nl mth;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhh;.* (*kuhj;jpiar; Nrh;e;j gpz;lhhpfs; vdr;nrhy;yg;gl;l Kul;Lg;gilapdh; uFehjg; gl;lth;j;jdpd; jiyikapy; rpUq;Nfhp klj;ijAk; rhujh Myaj;ijAk; (1791-,y;) nfhs;isapl;ldh;. rhujh gPlk; cl;gl 60 ylrk; kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fisf; nfhs;isapl;lNjhL> gpuhkz mh;r;rfh;fs; gyiuAk; nfhd;wdh;. ,jw;F vjph;g;G njhptpj;J rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpd; gPlhjpgjp =rr;rpjhde;j Rthkpfs; Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpf;fiuapy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;. mth; jdJ cz;zh tpujj;ij if tpLk; gbAk;> ,og;Gfis <L nra;tjhfTk; gPlhjpgjpf;F jpg;GRy;jhd; vOjpa kly;fSs; xd;W. ghh;f;f gpd;dpizg;G.1) Nguhrphpah; =`z;ilahtplkpUe;J ngw;w Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L> md;W ghlj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Ehy;fisj; Njh;T nra;Ak; fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;jUf;F> ngha;Ak; Gide;JiuAkhf mike;Js;s lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;f Ntz;Lk; - vd;W B.N. ghz;Nl vOJfpwhh;. mg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; JizNte;jh; m];Nlh]; Kfh;[p> ,jd; Nky; eltbf;if vLj;J lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jil nra;fpwhh;.** (** B.N. Pande, Distortion of medival Indian History, Islam and Indian Culture Pa37-39) mwpQh; B.N. ghz;Nlapd; ,k;Kaw;rpapid Vd; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;Nld; vd;why;> jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp xU tuyhw;W Ehypy; ntspahd jtwhd jftiy mg;Gwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; tuyhW Neh;ikahfr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk; K];ypk; my;yhj xU tuyhw;W mwpQh; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfspy;> K];ypk; mwpQh;fs; ,wq;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd; Mq;fpNyah; fhyk; njhl;L ,d;W tiu ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhWfs; jphpf;fg;gl;l tuyhwhfNt ntspte;Js;sd. ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhW jpUj;jp vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;iwa fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;Njit. K];ypk;fisj; Njr tpNuhjpfs;> Njrg;gw;W ,y;yhjth;fs;> td;Kiwahsh;fs;> ,e;j kz;zpd; kuGfSlDk; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; gz;ghl;L ghuk;ghpaq;fSlDk; xj;Jg; Nghfhjth;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; fl;Lf;fijfs; jPtpukhfg; gug;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;jr; #oypy; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; gr;ir uj;jq;fsha; ghpkhug;gl;l ,];yhkpah;fspd; jpahfq;fSk; tuyhWfSk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Ngrg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;j jhh;kPf nghWg;Gzh;tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; jpahfj;jpd; epwk; gr;ir vd;w ,e;Ehiy> ehd; mwpe;j tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;nfhz;L gilj;Js;Nsd;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F ,]yhkpah; Mw;wpa njhz;Lfis KOikahfg; NgRtNjh> gy;NtW jsq;fspy; epd;W jpahfk; Ghpe;Njhh; ngah;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LtNjh vd; Nehf;fky;y. vd; kdijg; ghjpj;j tpraq;fis kl;Lk; cq;fNshL gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tj;ij kl;LNk ,e;Ehypd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; ehd; gj;jpug;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;. ,e;E}yhf;fj;jpw;F Jizepd;w neQ;rq;fis ed;wpNahL epidj;Jg;ghh;f;fpNwd;. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisj;jpul;l Jiz epd;w Kidth; S. th;f;fP]; n[auh[; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk;: Njitahd Ehy;fisj; je;J cjtpa ,d;W jkpofj;jpNyNa mjpfkhd ,];yhkpa Md;kpf ,yf;fpa Ehw;fisr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Js;s ,];yhkpa E}w;fhtyh; fk;gk; S. Kfk;kJ myp mth;fSf;Fk;: vdJ vOj;jhf;fk; E}y; tbtk; ngw KO xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa jf;fiy `hkpk; K];jgh mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;. vd; vz;zq;fis vjph;ghh;hg;Gfisf; fk;g;A+l;lh; %yk; tbtikj;J je;j ehfh;Nfhtpy; ,Nk[;|Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;];-f;Fk;: Ehiy kpfr;fpwg;ghf gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;l rKjhaj;jpd; tpbay; nts;spahj; jpfOk; ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy gjpg;gfj;jhUf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; epd;W m]yhkpah; Mw;wpa gz;fis jpahfq;fis ,q;F th;fSf;Fs; trg;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;Js;Nsd;. thrpAq;fs; tpkh;rdq;fis vdf;F vOJq;fs;. mit NkYk; vd;idAk; vd gilg;GfisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk;. md;Gld; K. mg;Jy; rkJ Njh;Tepiy tphpTiuahsh; jkpo;j;Jiw `h[p fUj;j uhTj;jh; `Tjpah fy;Yhhp cj;jkghisak; - 625533.
ed;wp nfhy;tij thof;if topahff; nfhz;lth;fs; kl;LNk> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; ,];ypk;fspd; gq;if kiwg;ghh;fs; my;yJ kWg;ghh;fs;. Njrg; gphptpid;f;F K];ypk;fNs fhuzk; vd;nwhU ngha;iaf;fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lhh;fs; rpy ghrp];Lfs;. ,th;fs ,e;jg; ngha;ia ,iltplhky; gug;gpdhh;fs;. ,ij xU ngUk; gFjp kf;fs; ek;gTk; nra;jhh;fs;. ,e;j ghrp];Lfs; NkNy ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngha;iag; gug;GtNjhL epd;W tpltpy;iy. tuyhw;wpd; xU Kf;fpag;gFjpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijf;fTk; nra;jhh;fs;. mg;gb mth;fs; Gijj;j tuyhWjhd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghpy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F. ,e;j ghrp];Lfs; ,d;ndhU ghjfj;ijAk; ve;jj; jaf;fKkpd;wp nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. mJ ,e;jpahTf;F ,uz;lfk; nra;jth;fs; K];ypk;fs; vd;nwhU tb fl;bd ngha;iaAk; gug;gp tUfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jg; ngha;fs; mth;fs; vjpghh;j;j gyid mth;fSf;Fj; juhky; Ngha;tpltpy;iy ,e;jg; ngha;fs; ,d;iwa K];ypk;fspiNa xU Fw;w czh;it Vw;gLj;jpj; jiyjho;j;jr; nra;Jtpl;lJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. ,e;j Ehy; kiwf;fg;gl;l my;yJ Gijf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfis mfo;e;J ntspNa nfhz;L te;J xU tuyhw;W ntspr;rj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ. Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOe;J Nghuhb jq;fs; ,d;Dapiu <e;j K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if Vuhsk;!! ,e;j tiyhW> mjhtJ Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf K];ypk;fs; njhLj;j Nghh; xU ePz;l nebafhyk; tiu ePbj;jJ. MfNt K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiy;g; Nghh; tuyhW kpfTk; ePz;lnjhU tuyhW. ,e;j tuyhW ,y;yhj tuyhW FiwAilanjhU tuyhNw!! Mjyhy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; K];ypk;fspd; tuyhW KOikahf kf;fs;Kd; nfhz;L te;J rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; Ehyhrphpah; mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fs; gf;fk; 11y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb Ma;Tfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhnyy;yhk; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghh; tuyhW ,d;Dk; epiwtilatpy;iy. xU ngUk; ,ilntsp nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; xU tuyhw;Wg; gLnfhiy xU gyhj;fhuj;NjhL jpzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; kJiu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ghl Ehyhf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; History Of Freedom Struggle in India Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,NjNghy;jhd;> ahUf;nfy;yhk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; gq;fpy;iyNah mth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; xU bgha; tuyhwhf tiuag;gl;L muR mq;fPfhuk; ngwj;Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;gb xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;j Ehy; ,d;Dk; ,ulbg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiy tuyhw;iw tiufpd;wth;fs; ,e;j tuyhw;iw - ,];yhj;jpd; rPhpa gq;if kwe;J tplf;$lhJ! ,ij ,d;Dk; Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy; Njrpak; vd;gJ gpw;iw ehl;fspy; Njhd;wpa xd;Wjhd;. Mdhy; K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiyg; Nghh; Njrpak; vd;w nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;;jg;gLtjw;F vj;jidNah Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Muk;gkhdJ. ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;fs;. mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; ft;fh]; gFjpapy; ]hh; kd;dh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf ,khk; fhrpKy;yh`; \`Pj; ,khk; \hkpy; MfpNahh; Nghihbdhh;fs;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhy;tpia Kjypy; Kj;jkpl;lJ Mg;fhdp];jhd; K];ypk;fspd; iffspy;jhd; (,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 6). Mq;Nf K];ypk;fis Mjpf;f Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf epWj;jpaJ ,];yhk;jhd;. ,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 16>17y; Fwpg;glg;gLk; nra;aj; m`;kj; \`Pj; mth;fis Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf fpsh;e;njor; nra;jJ ,]yhk;jhd;. \`Pj; nra;aj; m`;kj; mth;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,];yhkpa mwpQh; my; kpahd; vd;w mGy; `]d; myp ej;tP mth;fs; ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; ehafh;fs; thpirapy; ,izj;Js;shh;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypfs; Nghuhb jq;fs; capiuj; je;J nfhz;bUe;j mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; vfpg;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf K];ypk;fs; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mth;fSf;F ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;J cw;rhk; je;jJ ,];yhk;jhd;. ,e;j cz;ikfspd; xspapy; ,];yhj;jpd; gq;F chpa mOj;jj;NjhL vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ehiy ,yf;fpar;Nrhiyapd; ntspaPlhf ntspapl Kd;te;J> ,irTk; je;j Nguh. mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fSf;F ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,yf;fpr;Nrhiyapd; ,yf;fpag; gzpAk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk; ty;Nyhd; my;yh`;tpd; ngUq;fUizapdhy; njhlUfpd;wJ. my;`k;e;Jypy;yh`;. thrfh;fs; tof;fk; Nghy; jq;fs; Mjuitj; jUth;fs; vd vjph;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tz;> K. Fyhk; K`k;kJ fhg;ghsh;> ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf rpiw nrd;wth;fspYk; caph; ePj;jth;fspYk; ,];yhkpah; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fsJ kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr; rhuj;ij tpl tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; khz;Nlhh; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjhr;rhuk; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. - F\;te;j;rpq;> ,y;y];bNul; tPf;yp> 29-12-1975. tlf;fpy; rpe;jpa Kjy; uj;jk; th;j;jfk; nra;a te;j Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,e;j kz;zpd; tsj;ij epue;jukha; mDgtpf;Fk; vz;zk; Miraha; cUthdJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F ,q;Fs;s Ml;rpahsh;fs; gyh; mr;rj;Jld; ms;spf; nfhLj;jdh;. mz;l ,lKk; nfhLj;jdh;. jq;fs; Ml;rpg;gug;Gf;Fs; Mq;fpNyah; Rje;jpukha; gtdptu ghij mikj;jdh;. Vndd;why; gphpl;B\hhpd; Jiz> jq;fs; gif muRfsplk; ,Ue;J jq;fisf; fhf;Fk; vd;w Raeyj;jpdhy;. ek; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; ,r;Raeyk; gphpl;B\hUf;F epue;jukha; ,k;kz;iz Ms;tjw;fhd vspa tha;g;ghf mike;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> tpahghuk; nra;a te;jth;fSf;F ehlhSk; Mir te;Jtpl;lJ vd;gij Kjypy; fzpj;J> Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F vjpuha; ,e;j kz;zpy; Kjypy; epkphpe;J epd;wth;jhd; tq;fhsj;ij Mz;l rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh. 1757-y; Mq;fpNyaiu mth; re;jpj;j gpshrpg; Nghh;jhd; gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuha; ,k;kz;zpy; ele;j Kjy; nghpa Aj;jk;. ,g;Nghhpy; ifjhFk; ,e;jpa tPuh;fis milg;gjw;fhf Mq;fpNyah; fl;ba rpiwf;$lj;jpNyNa Mq;fpNyah;fisf; ifJ nra;J milj;j khtPuh;jhd; njsyh. Mq;fpNyahpd; ehlhYk; Miria Kisapy; fps;Sk; njsyhtpd; Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f gphpl;ldpypUe;J fly; khh;f;fkhf te;j Mq;fpyg;gil fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa vjph; Kw;Wifiar; re;jpj;jJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;nfhz;l njsyhTf;F ,aw;if kl;Lk; xj;Jioj;jpUe;jhy; ,e;jpa rhpj;jpuNk khwpapuf;Fk;. 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Mkhk; ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;B\hhpd; Ml;rp Kjypy; tq;fhsj;jpy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. njw;fpd; Kjy; NghuhspNahL Njrj;jpd; njd;Nfhbapy; Kjd; Kjyhf Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;j tuthw;W ehafh;fspy; xUth; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp rPikia Mz;l fl;lg;nghk;kd;. ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;F [hf;]d; Jiuiar; re;jpj;j fl;lg;nghk;kd; nrd;wNghJ mtNuhL nrd;w jsgjpfisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly;. mjpy; ,];yhkpa jsgjpfs; gyUk; cld; te;jij> kk;kJ jk;gpAk; Kfk;kJ jk;gpAk; khh;f;fKs;s jk;gp thpirAe;jhd; jh;k Fzthd; ,GuhK rhfpGk; jk;gp ,RkhY uhTj;jDk; - vd;W Nguhrphpah; eh.thdkhkiy gjpg;gpj;J 1971-,y; ntspahd tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly; Gfo;fpwJ.* (* nr.jpthd;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk;.36) fl;lnghk;kd; gilapy; tPuhfshfTk; Vuhskhd ,];yhkpah; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiuia tha;Ngr Kbahjth; vd;w nghUSila MOOKAH vd;Dk; cUJ thh;j;ijahy; mioj;jijf; fh;dy; Nty;\; jdJ ,uhZt epidTfs; vd;w Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH** ,r;nra;jpfs; njd;dfj;jpd; Kjy; NghuhspfSlDk; ,ize;J ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfj; jpahfk; Ghpe;jth;fs; ,];yhkpah; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. (** nr.jpthd;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk;;.38) fpspq;fh;fs; kNyrpa jpUehl;bd; gpdhq;F jPtpy; thOk; jkpoh;fs; Kd;G fpspq;fHfs; vdg; gpwnkhop NgRgth;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldH. fpspq;fHfs; vd;w gpdhq;F tho; jkpoHfspd; gl;lg; ngahpd; gpd;dhy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fsp; jpahf tuyhW xd;W cope;jpUf;fpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; rptfq;ifr; rPikia Mz;l kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;jpJg; Nghhpl;L ,Wjpapy; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;LJ tuyhW. kUJ rNfhjuh;fisj; Jhf;fpypl;lNjhL jpUg;jpailahj Mq;fpy muR> md;dhuJ FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;j ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; jsgjpfs;> tPuh;fs; vd 72 Ngiug; gpdhq;F jPtpw;F ehL flj;jpaJ. mt;thW ehL flj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F tpyq;fpl;L> iffhy;fis ,Uk;Gr; rq;fpypahy; gpizj;J elkhl tpl;bUe;jdh;. mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ rq;fpypr; rj;jk; fpspq; fpspq; vdf; Nfl;ljhy; mf;ifjpfs; fpspq;fHfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ehsiltpy; mg;ngah; mq;F FbNahpa jkpoh;fis miog;gjw;Fhpa ngauhf khwpaJ. mf;ifjpfspy; ,UtUf;Fk; kl;Lk; elf;ff; $l Kbahj mstpw;F rq;fpypg; gpizg;NghL nghpa ,Uk;Gf; Fz;Lfisf; ifr;rq;fpypapy; njhq;f tpl;bUe;jdh;. Vndd;why; mth;fs; ,UtUk; me;jf; ifjpfs; $l;lj;jpy; jiyik rhd;wth;fshth;. mth;fspy; cUth; ,isa kUJtpd; kfd; Kj;JtLF vd;w Jiur;rhkp. Kw;wth; Kf;fpa gilj;jsgjpfspy; cUtihd Nrf; cNrd; vdw; ,];yhkpa ,isQH*. ahH ,e;j Nrf;cNrd;? (* Miltry consultations, Vol.307(19.1.1803), P.1249- ,y; gpdhq;Ff;F ehL flj;jg;gl;l 72 Ngh; ngah; gl;baypy; Nrf; cNrd; ngah; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.ghh;it:Nkw;gb gf;fk;.45.) ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g fl;l Gul;rpfSs; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rp [1800-1801] Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhFk;. Mq;fpNyaHf;F vjpuhfj; njd;dpe;jpa FW epy kd;dh;fSk; ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; xUq;fpize;j $l;L eltbf;ifahf ,f;fpsHr;rp mike;jJ. kyghh; NfustHkh> kUJ ghz;baH> jpg;GRy;jhdpd; Fjpiug;gilj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa fdP\hfhd; (Khan-i-Jah-Khan), kuhj;jpapy; rpNkhfh (Shimoga) gFjpia Mz;l Jhz;lh[pNthf; (Dhondaji Waug)> tpUg;ghr;rp ghisaf;fhuh; Nfhghy ehaf;fH> jpz;Lffy; ghisaf;fhuH Nghd;NwhH xU $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpdH. ,f;$l;likg;igr; rhHe;j tlf;F-njw;F Ml;rpahsHfis ,izf;Fk; thapyhf fdP\hfhd; nray;gl;lhH. ,e;jg; Gul;rpg;gil Aj;jj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp> fhtphpf;F tlf;fpYs;s gilfis elj;Jk; nghWg;G fdP\;fhdplk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ. ,f;$l;likg;gpd; Kf;fpa jpl;lNk NfhitapYy;y gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtf; Nfhl;iliaj; jfHg;gjhFk;. Me;jg; nghWg;igAk;> Nfhit-Nryk; gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghWg;igAk; fsP\hfhd; Vw;wpUe;jhH. 4000 Fjpiug;gil tPuHfSld; ,j;jhf;Fjypy; fdP\hfhd; <Lgl;lhH.* ufrpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;l ,j;jpl;lk; gphpl;B\hUf;Fj; njhpe;Jtpl> ,k;Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy; KbtilfpwJ. ,f;fpsHr;rpqpy; ifjhd 42 NgUf;F Nryk; fnyf;lH khf;ypNahl; (Macleod) cj;juTg;gb Nryk; uhZt NfhHl;by; Jhf;Fj;jzlid vd jPHg;G toq;fg;gl;L midtUk; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ldh;** (* K.Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, The First War of Independence. 1800-1803,, PP.110-111.) (**libd.,P.125) mt;thW Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ltHfspy; xU rpyiuj; jtpu midtUk; K];ypk; tPuh;fshth;.* ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf [khj;jhf($l;lhf) Jhf;F fapw;iw Kj;jkpl; jpahf tuyhw;wpid ,];yhkpaH gilj;Js;sdH. ,e;j njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rpapy; kUJghz;baH giliaj;jiyik jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpr; nrd;wtUs; xUtHjhd; gpdhq;Ff;F ehLflj;jg;gl;l Nrf; cNrd;. ,r;rg;gl;b mkpy;jhH Nrf; cNrd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,tH> Rje;jpuf; fpsHr;rpg; gilapd; Kjy; jhf;FjYf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhH. ,tiuj; jpz;Lf;fy; Gul;;rpf; $l;lj;jpd; vOr;rp tPuH> rpwe;j Nghuhsp vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQH Nf.uh[a;ad; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.** ,e;j Nrf;cNrd; jhd; kUJghz;baH tPo;r;rpapd; NghJ Mq;fpNyauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gpdhq;F jPtpy; rq;fpypahy; gpizf;fg;gl;L elkhlf; $l Kbahky; gr; gl;bdpahy; thb mq;NfNa fhykhdtH. ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhd Muk;gf;fl;l eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;W jpahf tuyhW gilj;jth;fshf fdP\hfhd;> Nrf;cNrd; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa jPuh;fs; tpsq;fpAs;sdH. (* nr.jpthd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk; 41.) (** K.Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, The First War of Independence, 1800-1803..,Page.274.) rpg;gha;fs; ngw;w cj;Ntfk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; NghH vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQHfs; Fwpg;gpLtJ 1857 - ,y; ele;j rpg;gha; fyfk; MFk;. gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpag; Nghf;FfSf;Fj; Jiz NghfpNwhNk vd;wmjpUg;jpAld; gphpl;B\; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa Vuhskhd ,e;jpa ,isQHfSf;F. gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gk; cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jNj XH ,];yhkpa ehL re;jpj;j NghHjhd;. neg;NghypaidNa flw;g;Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpyg; gil Kjd; Kjyhf Mg;fhdp];jhDld; ele;j Nghhpy;jhd; Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;jdH. 50 Nghb &gha; nryT nra;J> 20 Mapuk; NghH tPuHfis ,oe;j Mq;fpNyahpd; mj;Njhy;tp> ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F XH cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. Mq;fpNyaH nty;y KbahjtHfs; my;y. mtHfisAk; nty;y KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,e;jpa rpg;gha; fSf;Fg; gpwe;jJ. Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W Juj;j KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhLj;jJ XH ,];yhkpa ehL vd;why;> mtHfSf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOtjw;fhd #oiy cUthf;fpaJ XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f new; MFk;. 1856-,y; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpiag; gphpl;B\hH mw;Kfk; nra;jdH. Mj;Jg;ghf;fpapy; milf;fg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; vs;jhf ntspNaWtjw;fhf gd;wpf; nfhOg;Gk; gRf; nfhOg;Gk; mj;Njhl;lhf;fspy; jltg;gl;lJ. Njhl;lhf;fs; Jg;ghf;fpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa gpd;> mj;Mjhl;lhf;fisg; nghjpe;jpUe;j NkYiwj; jfLfisg; gy;yhy; fbj;J ,Oj;Jjhd; ntspapy; vwpa Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ mjpy; jltg;gl;bUe;j gd;wp gRf; nfhOg;G thapy;gl tha;g;G mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,];yhkpaUf;F gd;wpf; nfhOg;G tpyf;fg;gl;l(`uhk;)czT MFk;. gpuhkzHfSk; gpw irtHfSk; khkprk; rhg;gpl khl;lhHfs;. vdNt jq;fs; thapy; gd;wp gRf;nfhOg;G gLtij ,UrhuUk; ntWj;jdH. nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; milf;fg;gl;l vdl/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfis Kjd; Kjyhf tq;fhsj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 19-tJ gilg;gphptpy; gad;gLj;jp ghpNrhjpf;f Mq;fpy muR jPHkhdpj;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; tq;fhsk; guhf;G+hpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 34-tJ gilg;gphpT Gul;rpia Muk;gpf;fj; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ ,g;gilg; gphptpYs;s ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F fy;fj;jhtpd; mUfpy; jq;fpapUe;j myp ej;`pfhd; vd;w ,];yhkpa Ml;rpahsHjhd; MjuTk; Jhz;LjYk; mspj;J te;jhH.* ,e;j Neuj;jpy; uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa tPuHfsplk; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfj;ijj; jq;fs; ufrpag; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; K];ypk; gf;fPHfs; Vw;gLj;jpdhHffs;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd gf;fPHfs; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk;nrd;w rpg;gha;fs; kdjpy; tpLjiyj;jPia %l;bdH. uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; Eioe;J tPuHfsplk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdH.** (* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy>gf;fk;.85) (** Nkw;gb.> gf;fk;.63) kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; ,g;gf;fPHfs; Rje;jpu COr;rpia Cl;bdH. ,jid tPurhtHf;fH> 1857-,y; Njrahj;jpiu nra;tjhf; $wpte;j rd;dpahrpfSk; gf;fphpfSk; nksytpfSk; gz;bjHfSk; xt;nthhplj;jpYk; ufr;akhf [dq;fSf;F Rje;jpu Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wp Nghjpj;Jr; nrd;wdH. mt;thwhf Gul;rpj;jP vq;Fk; guTtjw;fhd Liwfs; ntF rje;jpukhf; iff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. me;jg; NghjfHfs; (nksy;tpfs;) xt;nthU efuj;jpW;Fk; fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; nrd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;J tUifapy;> mtHfSf;Fg;gpd; Vuhskhd njhz;lHfs; gpr;irf;fhuHfs; (gf;fPHfs;) Nghy; Ntrk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L $l;lk; $l;lkha;r; nrd;W jPtug; gpur;rhuk; nra;J te;jhHfs;. mtHfs; gpr;ir vLg;gtHfshf tPl;Lf;F tPL nrd;W [dq;fspd; `pUjaj;jpy; Rje;jpu czHr;rpiaAk; Njr gf;jpiaAk; FKwp vOk;gb nra;jhHfs;*. -vd;W tpae;J jd; Ehypy; tbj;Js;shH. ngH`hk;G+H> kPul; uhZt Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;j Vuhskhd ,];yhkpa tPuHfs; gpwrka tPuHfSld; ,ize;J vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfisj; njhlkhl;Nlhk; vd;W fyfk; nra;jdH. (* Nkw;gb> gf;fk;. 63-64) mt;thW vjpHj;jtHfs; tpyq;fplg;gL;L> uhZt cilfs; fpopj;njwpag; gl;L kf;fs; Kd; CHtykhf mioj;J tug;gl;L mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. mtkhg;gl;l Fjpiug;gil tPuHfs; rpiwfis cilj;Jf; ifjpfis tpLtpj;Jf;nfhz;L nts;NawpdH.mg;NghJ fHdy; gpd;d]; Nghd;w mjpfhhpfisAk;> Vuhskhd gphpl;B\hiuAk; nfhiy nra;J> mth;fsJ tPl;Lf;F jPapl;ldH. me;epa Ml;rp tPo;f! NguurH gfJH\h tho;f! vd;w Nfhrq;fSld; kPul;by; jpuz;l 2000 MAjk; jhpj;j Fjpiu tPuHfs;> by;yp rNyh ! vd;w Xq;fhuf; FuYlDk; Xq;fpa thYlDk; hp]hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; by;yp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;ldH.* ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jplk; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; by;ypia kPl;Nghk;! By;yp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gLq;fs;. by;yp rNyh! vd;W 1944 [{iy 6-Mk; Njjp kPl;Gf; Fuy; nfhLj;jhH.** Nejh[papd; tPu Kof;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf kPul; rpg;gha;fs; hp[hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; by;yp rNyh! vd;w Kof;fj;Jld; by;yp Gwg;gl;bUf;fpd;whH. Nfhrk; xd;Nw vd;whYk; Nejh[papd; Nfhrj;jpw;Fk; ,jw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. Nejh[papd; Nfhrk; Njrj;ij kPl;gjw;fhd czHr;rpapd; tPu ntspg;ghlhFk;. kPul; rpg;gha;fspd; NfhrNkh Njr kPl;Gf;fhf ,e;jpa Njrk; NguurH gfJH\h [/ghpd; jiyikia Vw;gjw;fhd gpufldkhf mike;jJ. (* V.vd;. Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;.10) (** B.L.Grover, S.Grover, A New Look at Modern Indian History, P665) NguurH gfJH\hit ,e;jpag; Nguurpd; jiytuhf mwptpj;J nly;ypapy; jpuz;l Fjpiug; gil tPuHfSld;> by;ypapy; ,Ue;j fhyhl; gilapdUk; ,ize;jdH. Gul;rp ntbj;jJ. fHdy; hpg;Ns Nghd;w caujpfhhpfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. gphpl;B\; muR jdJ ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L KO Ntfj;Jld; ,f;fyfj;ij xLf;fpaJ. Mjpy; ifjhd - nfhy;yg;gl;l Jhf;fpNyw;wg;gl;l ,];yhkpaHfspd; vz;zpf;if vz;fspd; gpd;dhy; G+[;[aq;fis mLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ghjpg;gpd; cr;rkhf ,Ue;jJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy; mg;Gul;rpapd; gykyf K];ypk;fs; ,Ue;jjhy;> K];ypk;fis tplf;$lhJ vd;W KbT nra;j Mq;fpNyaH> fyfj;ij xLf;Fjy; vd;w NghHitapy; K];ypk;fis rfy epiyfspYk; ,og;Gf;FhpatHfshf;fpdH. K];ypk;fisg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; tPo;j;jp tpl;lhy; mtHfsJ Mq;fpy vjpHg;G FiwAk; vd;w jpl;lj;Jld; K];ypk;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ij tPo;j;Jk; eltbf;ifapy; gphpl;B\hH ,wq;fpdH. 1857 Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; gfJH\htplk; ,Ue;J by;ypia Mq;fpNyaH ifg;gw;wpdH. By;ypapy; ,Ue;j K];ypk;fs; jq;fs;l tPLfisAk; clikfisAk; mg;gbNa tpl;L nts;Naw;wg;gl;ldH. mtHfSila tPLfis Mq;fpNyaH gwpKjy; nra;jdH. 1859 tiu mtHfs; jpUk;g te;J FbNaw mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. K];ypk;fspd; mirah nrhj;jpd; kjpg;gpy; Ehw;wpy; Kg;gj;ije;J gq;fpidj; jq;fis vjpHj;J Nghuhbajw;fhf Mq;fpy muR jz;lkhf mghpj;jJ.- jpthd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;> gf;fk;>57. ,];yhkpaH elj;jpa muRfs; - mjd; f[hdhf;fs; mgfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,];yhkpa nry;te;jhHfs; Mjy; rhjhuz kf;fs; tiu midtUk; jq;fs; cilikfis ,oe;jdH ,d;W njd;dpe;jpa K];ypk;fis tpl tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd; jq;fp ,ug;gjw;F ,Jjhd; fhuzkhFk;. ,jpy; jg;gpg; gpioj;j xU rpy nry;te;jHfs; ,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; gphptpidapd; NghJ ghfp];jhd; nrd;Wtpl;ldH. mjdhy; jhd; ,d;W rhiy Xuj; njhopyhspfshf - $ypfshf hpf;\h Xl;LgtHfshf tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fis ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk; ,];yhkpahpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpHg;GzHT ,e;jpa kz;zpy; mtHfsJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ijNa khw;wp mikj;jJ. ,J gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; ,d;Dk; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. mJ fhyj;jpd; Njit. Vndd;why; ,d;Wk; ,];yhkpahpd; tsHr;rpia ,k;kz;zpy; jLf;f> mtHfisg; nghUshjuj;jpy; tPo;j;JtJ vd;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; rf;jpfs; cs;sd. mtHfsJ Nehf;fk; Nfhit Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; epiwNtwp te;Js;sijAk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhd rpg;gha; fyfk; cUthf cj;Ntfk; mspj;jtHfs; - mf;fyfj;ij jq;fs; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wpatHfs; - mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,og;GfSf;F MshdtHfs; ngUk;ghdik K];ypk;fNs vd;gJ tPurhtHf;fH Nghd;NwhH jUk; thf;F %y cz;ikahFk;. xU gpb kz; gphpl;B\hhpd; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpapUe;j fhyfl;lk;. jq;fsJ Ml;rp tphpthf;fj;jpw;fhf uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; by;yp Kfyha kd;dsHfspd; Ml;rpapYk; jiyapl;ldH. kd;dHfSf;F gpwe;j ehs; ghprspf;Fk; tof;fj;ij epWj;jpdH. ,e;jr; #oypy; jhd; 1837 -,y;-gfJH\h [/gH by;yp mhpaizapy; VhpdhH. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gfJH\hTf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;if Kwpabf;f gphplB\hH nra;j Kaw;rpfs; gy. 1847 - ,y; Mq;fpy mjpfhhp nfa;j; jd; kidtpf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy;> ehis <j; ngUehs;.K];ypk;fs; khLfisf; FHghd; (gyp) nfhLg;gH. ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpj topghl;Lf;Fhpajhd khLfis K];ypk;fs; FHghd; nfhLg;gjh? Vd;W ,e;Jf;fs; nfhjpj;njOk; #oiy cUthf;fpAs;Nsd;. vdNt ehd; ehis by;ypapy; ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;ij vjpHghHj;Jf; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ehd; vjpH ghHf;Fk; ey;y nra;jpAk; mJthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.-vd;W gfJH\h Ml;rpia rPHFiyf;f ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;ijj; Jhz;btpLk; jd; vz;zj;ij tbj;Js;shd;. ,e;j ehrg;gpd;dzpia mwpe;j gfJH\h <j; ngUehSf;F Ke;jpa ehs; ,uT> MLfis kl;LNk FHghd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; khLfis ntl;lf;$lhJ - vd;W gpufldg; gLj;JfpwhH. Elf;f ,Ue;j nfa;j;jpd; #o;r;tp fhdy; ePuhdJ. Vkgw;wk; mile;j nfa;j; jdJ kidtpf;F vOjpa mLj;j fbjj;jpy;> vd; vz;zk; <Nlwtpy;iy. tUj;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gfJH\h Ke;jpf; nfhz;lhH - vd;W vOjpAs;shd;. ,g;gb gphpl;B\; murhq;fk; gfJH\hTf;F nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;. gphpl;B\hiu ,e;jpahit tpl;L tpul;l jPtpukhf rpe;jpj;J te;j gfJH\htpd; jiyikapy; kpfg;nghpa jpl;lk; cUthdJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Gjy;tHfNs! cWjpAld; KbT nra;J nfhz;NlhNkahdhy;> vjphpia nehba[y; mopj;Jtpl ek;khy; KbAk;.mtid Kbj;J ca;hpDk; mUikahd ekJ ehl;ilAk;> rkaq;fisAk;>mtw;iw vjpHgl;Ls;s mghaq;fspypUe;J fhg;Nghk;.- vd;w muR gpufldj;ijj; Jzpr;rYld; ntspapl;lhH.* Njrj;jpd Rje;jpu tpUk;gpfshd uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs;>rpWgug;Gfis MSk; jiytHfs; midtiuAk; xUq;fpizj;J> gphpl;B\hUf;f vjpuhd xd;Wgl;l vjpHg;Gf;F NghH njhLf;f jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;j 1857 Nk kjjk; 31-Mk; NjjpiaAk; NjHe;njLj;jdH. ... `pe;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; NjhNshL Njhs; epd;W Njrj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; NghH Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJk; ,e;jpa kd;dHfspd; jiyikapy; If;fpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; KbntLj;jdH.** (* fh]pk; hp];tp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuH gfJH\h [/gH gf;fk;> 7. ** tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy. gf;fk;>58.) ,k;Kaw;rpapy; xd;Wgl;l [hd;]puhzp ylRkpgha;> ehdh rh`pg;> jhe;jpah Njhg;>xsj; Nguurp Ngfk; `[uj; k`y;> gP`hhpd; rpq;fk; FtHrpq;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> `hpahdh uh[];jhd; - kfhuh\;buh kd;dHfs; Nk 31-Mk; Njjpf;fhf xd;W gl;L Mq;fpNyaiu xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; me;ehSf;fhf fhj;jpUe;jdH. ...`pe;J];jhd; rhpj;jpuj;jpNyNa kpfg;gpurpj;jpg; ngw;w me;j ehl;fis (1857 Nk khjk;) ehk; xU fhyj;jpYk; kwf;f KbahJ. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; tpNuhjpfsy;y vd;gJk;> rNfhjuHfNs vd;gJk; mg;NghJjhd; cyfkwpa gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 99. Mdhy; Nk 10-Mk; NjjpNa rpg;gha; fyfk; ntbj;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; gfJH\h jiyikapy; jPl;ba jpl;lk; nray;glhky; NghdhYk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; ,ize;jtHfs; jd;ahfTk; $l;lhfTk; rpg;gha; fyf fhyfl;lj;jpy; gphpl;B\gUf;F vjpuhd NgH eltbf;iffspy; KOikiahf ,wq;fpdH. Jq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j NtWghLfis vy;yhk; Jhf;fp vwpe;J tpl;L gfJH\h jiyikapy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahia cUthf;f tl,e;jpa kf;fs; md;W rpe;jpa uj;jk; nfhQ;rky;y. khkd;dH gfJH\h FLk;gj;Jld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L [Pdj; k`y; khspifapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhH. xU ehs; fhiy... fhiy czT nghpa jl;Lfspy; Jzpahy; %lg;gl;L vLj;J tug;gLfpwJ. cld; te;j Nk[H `l;]d; Kfj;jpNyh tp\kr; rphpg;G. `l;]d;: gfJH\h... ePz;l fhykhf epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j fk;ngd;apd; ghpRfs; ,it! (vd;wtdhf> czTj; jl;Lfis %bapUe;j Jzpfis mfw;Wfpwhd;. mq;Nf... fgJH\htpd; kfd;fs; kpH[h nkh`y;> fpYURy;jhd; ,Uthpd; jiyfs;! ,UtiuAk; Rl;Lf;nfhd;W> jiyfis ntl;bj;jl;Lfspy; Ve;jp te;jNjhL... ,J gphpl;B\; fk;ngd;ahhpd; ghpRfs; vd;W fpz;lYld; epw;fpwhd; `l;]d;. jplneQ;Rld; mtidg; ghHj;J...) gfJH\h: ij%H tk;tj; Njhd;wy;fs; jkJ Kd;NdhHfSf;F ,t;thW jhd; jq;fs; Gdpjj;Jtj;ij ep&gpg;ghHfs;! (fk;gPukhd ,e;j thHj;ijfisf; Nfl;L mjpHe;j `l;]d;> gfJH\h fz;fspy; fz;zPH tuhjijf; fz;L ... `l;]d;: ckJ fz;fspy; vd;d... ePH tw;wp tpl;ljh? gfJH\h: `l;]d; ... murHfs; mOtjpy;iy! (vd;W ngUkpjj;Jld; $w... jiy Fdpe;j thW ntspNaWfpwhd; `l;]d;)* md;Gf; fuq;fshy; ms;sp mizj;J cr;rp KfHe;j Kfq;fs;... clk;gpypUe;J Jz;lha;! ngw;w kdq;fs; vg;gb gjwp ,Uf;Fk;. mjidj; Njrj;jpw;fhd mHg;gzpg;gha; epidj;jjhy; gfJH\h fyq;ftpy;iy. * Kasim Rizwi, The Great Bahadur Sha Jaffer, P.10. rpg;gha; fyfthjpfshd Gul;rpahsHfSf;F cjtp nra;jhH. 47 Mq;fpNyaHfisf; nfhiy nra;jhH vdg; gy Fw;wq;fisg; gfJH\hNky; Rkj;jp> mtiu gHkhtpYs;s uq;$Df;F gphpl;B\; muR ehL flj;jpaJ. kd;duhf ,Ue;jtH vd;fpw fhuzj;jpdhy; khjk; 600 &gha; cgfhur; rk;gsk; toq;f gphpl;B\; muR Kd;te;jJ. vd; kz;zpd; nry;tj;ij vLj;J vdf;Nf nfhLg;gjw;F ePahH. vd;W mjid Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lhH. Nfg;ld; `hl;]d;> gfJH\htpd; %d;W ,sty;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. me;j cly;fs; Nghyp]; ];NlrDf;F Kd; fOfSf;F ,iuahFk;gb vLj;njhpag;gl;ld. mit ntFNeuk; tiu fOfSf;F Mfhukhd gpd;dH jhd; Mw;wpy; ,Oj;njhpag;gl;ld.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 296-297. jha; kz;zpy; ,dp rkhjpahFk; ghf;fpak; jdf;F fpilf;fhJ vd tUe;jpatuhf> ,we;j gpd; jd;id mlf;fk; nra;Ak; rkhjpapy; J}t xU gpb ,e;jpa kz;iz ifapy; ms;spatuhf uq;$Df;F fg;gy; VwpdhH. 1862 etk;gH 7-,y; jdJ 92-Mk; tajpy; uq;$dpy; fhykhdhH. Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; Njr tpLjiyf;fhf [g;ghdpaH cjtp Ntz;b> gHkhitj; jskhff; nfhz;L gil jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; uq;$d; ahHf; rhiyapy; cs;s gfJH\htpd; rkhjpia gy yl;r&gha; nrytpy; GJg;gpj;jhH. gfJH\h rkhjpapy; ,Ue;J xUgpb kz;iz vLj;J jkf;F kf;fs; md;Gld; mspj;j jq;f thspd; gpbapy; milj;J>* mt;thspid Xq;fpg; gpbj;jtuhf> ek; tPuHfspd; neQ;rpy; ek;gpf;ifAk;> ,k;k`hdplk; ,Ue;jJ Nghy; Njrgf;jpAk; mZtsthtJ ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;> ,e;J];jhd; ths; kpff; $Hikahf ,Ug;gJld;> xU ehs; yz;ldpd; thrw;gbiaAk; jl;Lk;! - vd;W rgjNkw;whH. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu tuyhw;wpy; fk;gPukpf;fg; Nghuhspahd Nejh[pf;Nf ... xU J}z;Ljiy Vw;gLj;jpa ngUkfd; khkd;dH gfJH\h [/gH. (* mkPH`k;\h> Nejh[papd; khiyf;F &gha; 5 yl;rk;> jpdkzp Rje;jpu nghd;tpoh kyH> gf;fk;. 69.) Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; fhe;jp[papd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dHjhd; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; xU ntF[d ,af;fkhf kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. ,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b ngua;]p ,af;fk;(Farizis Movement) vd;w kf;fs; ,af;fjijf; fl;bath fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; tho;e;j `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yh (Haji.Shariathullah) MthH. tq;fhsj;jpd; tlf;F khtl;lq;fspy; 1820-fspy; fuk;\h (Karam Shah) Tk; mtH kfd; jpg;G (Thipu)Tk; elj;jpa Md;kpf murpay; ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;j ngua;]p ,af;fj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhb. [kPd;jhHfspd; nfhLikf;F MshFk; tptrhapfspd; Fb chpikfSf;fhfg Nghuhba jpg;G> 1825 -,y; nruhG+H (Sherpur) gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rpmikj;jhH. Mq;fpy vjpHg;ghsHfis xd;W jpul;b Nfhuh kiyg; (Garo Hills) gFjptiu jd; Ml;rpg; gug;ig tphpTgLj;jpdhH. 1830 - fspYk; 1840 - fspYk; ,g;gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F kpfg;nghpa jiytypiaf; nfhLj;j - gpur;ridf;Fhpa gFjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd.* ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; jhf;fk;jhd; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhitg; Nghuhlj;J}z;baJ. gphpl;B\hUf;F thpt#y; nra;J nfhLg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l [kPd; mikg;gpy; > MSNthhpd; gpujpepjpfshd [kPd;jhHfspd; Mjpf;fk; jiytphpj;jhba fhyfl;lk;> fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; [kPd;jhHfspd; mlf;FKiwfSf;F Mshd tptrhapfSk; tptrhaf;$ypfSk; jq;fs; KjyPLfisAk; ciog;igAk; thp vd;w ngahpy; gwp nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. chpik ,oe;J te;j ,k;kf;fis xd;W jpul;b> ghpjhG+iu (Faridpur) ikag;gLj;jp `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhTk; mtH kfd; jpj;NjhkpahDk; (Dadu Mian) elj;jpa kf;fs; ,af;fk;jhd; ngua;]p ,af;fk;. ,tHfspd; [kPd; vjpHg;G ehsiltpy; [kPd; v[khdHfshd gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd fpsHr;rpahf ntbj;jJ. 1839 Kjy; 1857 tiu 18 Mz;Lfs; ,t;tpaf;fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gy rpf;fy;fisAk; ,og;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.** ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l jpj;Njhkpahd;> Gul;rpiaj; J}z;batH vd Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;L 1860 - ,y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH. rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w ngua;]p ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;jpaRje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; vd;gij Gjpa tuyhW gjpT nra;al;Lk;. (* B.L. Grover,S.Grover, A New Look at Modern Indian History, P.248. **lbid.,P.248) Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; 2.7.1943 - ,y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]hy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpahpd; MSiff;F cl;gl;l rpq;fg;G+hpy; Mrhj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH (Azad Hind Government) vd;w jw;fhypf Rje;jpu muir mwptpj;jhH. mt;tuRf;F Mrhj; `pe;j; gTr; (Azad Hind Fauj) vd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;ijAk; jdp hprHt; Ngq;f; xd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhH.* mtuhy; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa Rje;jpuf; nfhbia Kjd;Kjyhf me;jkhdpy; 30.12.1943-,y; Vw;wp Mq;fpNyaiu mr;rk; nfhs;s itj;jhH. Nejh[papd; ,e;j ,khya Kaw;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf> ,e;jpa kz;zpNyNa Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd jdp Rje;jpu muRfisg; gpufldg; gLj;jpatHfs; ,];yhkpaHfshtH. (* lbid.,P.665) ,e;jpa t`hgp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytH iraJ m`kJ uha;guyp mtHfs; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; mr;rhjidia epfo;j;jpdhH. Rka rKjha rPHjpUj;j ,af;fkhd t`hgp ,af;fk; gpd;dH Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. `h[; rhpaj;Jy;yh> jPj;Njh kpahd; MfpNahuJ tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH ngua;]p ,af;fj;ijr; rhHe;j njhz;lHfs; ,e;j t`hgp ,af;fj;jpy; jq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldH.* *(lbid.,P.248..) ghl;dhitj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L nray;gl;l nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guyp> ,e;jpa Njrj;ijj; jhUy; ,];yhk; (Darul Islam) mjhtJ ,];yhkpaHfspd; cyfk; vd;w Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,r;rje;jpu muRf;nfd Nkw;Fg; goq;Fb kf;fs; thOk; gFjpapy; jd; uhZtj;jsk; mikf;g;gl;lJ. ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; Nehf;fk;> ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpLjiyf;fhf [p`hj; (Gdpjg;NgH) GhptjhFk;. nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guypapd; ,r;Rje;jpu murk; mjd; Kd;dzpj; jiytHfSk; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwfshy; re;jpj;j nfhLikfs; Vuhsk;. ghl;dhtpy; tpyhaj; myp> `pkhaj; myp MfpNahH jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd Gul;rpfs; njhlHe;jd. fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;l nksy;tp. K`k;kJ [/gpiu Mq;fpy muR ifJ nra;J> Njrj;JNuhf jz;lid tpjpj;J me;jkhDf;F ehL flj;jpaJ. mtH me;jkhdpy; gy tUlq;fs; jdpikr; rpiwapy; thbdhH. 1870 - ,y; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xUtuhd mkPHfhDk; me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;jg;gl;lhH. mtiu me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;Jk; jPHg;gpid toq;fpa ePjpgjp ehHkid mg;Jy;yh vd;w K[h`pj; ,isQd; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whd;. ,JNghd;w gy tPutuyhWfs; ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; eltbf;ifapy; cz;L. ,JNghd;Nw 1921-,y; kyghH khg;gps;isf; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ> Nfushtpy; vHehL> ts;StehL> gFjpfis xUq;fpizj;J fpyhgj; ,uh[;ak; vd;w jdp Rje;jpu muir myp K]y;ypahH gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,t;turf;nfd fpyhgj; nfhb> fpyhgj; ehzak;> fpyhgj; uhZtk; Vw;gLj;jp jdp Kj;jpiuAld; $ba rhfr Ml;rpia> Mq;fpNyaiu Mjhpj;j rk];jhq;fspd; vy;iyfSf;Fs;NsNa elj;jpf;fhl;bdhH. ,t;thW ,e;j kz;zpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; rpe;jg;gl;l Kjy; uj;jk; - Kjy; Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfk; - Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; - Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; vd gy Kjy;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfshf> mk;Kjy;fSf;F kl;LNk nrhe;jk; cilatHfshf ,];yhkpa guk;giu cs;sJ.
fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; (khHf;f mwpQHfs;) fye;J nfhs;s khl;Nlhk;.-nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp. xU kdpjd; xU gl;lhsk; kPul; uhZt KfhKf;F mUfpy; trpj;J te;j xU gf;fphpia> rHf;fhH mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lr;ntd;W tpLk;gb cj;jutpl;lJ. rHf;fhhpd; cj;juT fpilj;jJk; mg;gf;fphp xd;Wk; mw;ahj xU rhJitg; Nghy ahnjhU gjpYk; $whky; jd; ahid kPNjwp gf;fj;jpYs;s fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W rpg;gha;fspd; tPLfspy; nrhe;jkhf trpj;Jf; nfhz;L> jkJ mYty;fisf; ftdpf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mtHjhd; mjjPtpu Njrgf;juhd nksy;tp m`kJ\h vd;gtH. mtuJ Gdpjkhd ngauhdJ `pe;J];jhdj;Jf;Nf xU N[hjpiaf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. - vd;W tPurhtHf;fuhy; Gfog;gl;l xg;gw;w tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jpahfpjhd; nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh`; \h`;.* nrd;idapy; gpwe;J tsHe;J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; thoe;jtH.Gul;rp tpijia ehnlq;Fk; tpijg;ggje;fhf tl,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ahj;jpiu nra;jtH.yf;Ndhtpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jpuz;bUe;j nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; mtH gfpuq;fkhf Rje;jpug; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhH. Mq;fpNyau;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;J Njrj;jpypUe;J mtHfis xopj;jhyd;wp ehk; ek; jha; ehl;ilNah kjq;fisNah ghJfhf;f KbahJ - cd;whH. Mq;fpy muR tjpj;jpUe;j gy jilfis kPwp ,t;tpjk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhf mtHkPJ uh[j;JNuhf Fw;wk; rhl;b> Mq;fpy muR mtUf;Fj; J}f;Fj; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. (* tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.65.) ifJ nra;ag;gl;L igrhghj; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH. 1857 - ,y;ele;j rpg;gha; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ rpiwr;rhiyia cilj;J rpg;gha; Nghuhspfs; ,tiu tpLtpj;jdH. Rpwe;j uhZt Aj;j epGzuhd m`kJy;yh \h`; jdf;nfd xU rpWgiliaj; jpul;b> yf;ndhtpd; xU gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp xU Fl;b muirNa elj;jpdhH. Rje;jpu Aj;jj;jpw;fhd tiyfis ntF jpwikAld; tPrp te;jhH. me;j tiyfs; yf;NdhtpYk; Mf;uhtpYk; cs;s %iy Klf;Ffs; vy;yhk; gutpf;fple;jJ. jd; jdpj;Jtq;fspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhH. Mq;fpy mjpfhhpfspd; fz;nzjphpNyNa xU kfj;jhd ,af;fj;ij ufrpakhf cUthf;fpa ehdh rh`pg;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> myp ej;`pfhd; Nghd;wj;jiytHfspd; ,izaw;w jpwikia vt;tsT Gfo;e;jhYk; jFk;. - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.77. Myk;ghf;fpy; cs;s gphpl;B\; uhZtj; JUg;GfSf;F fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J MAjq;fs; nfhz;L tUtij m`kJy;yh \h`; mwpfpwhH. Me;j MAjq;fisf; ifg;gw;W tjw;fhf 1858 [dthp 15 - ,y; fhd;G+H Nehf;fpg; gil elj;jpdhH. Nk[H mTl;uhk; gilf;Fk; nksy;tp gilf;Fk; kpfg;nghpa Nkhjy; eilngw;wJ. me;j Aj;jj;jpy; ifapy; Njhl;lh gha;e;J fhakile;jhH. Mdhy; tPuHfs; mtiu Mq;fpNyaH ifapy; rpf;ftplhky; xU Nlhypapy; itj;J yf;Ndh nfhz;L te;Jtpl;ldH. jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhak; G+uzkhf FzkilAKd; gpg;Uthp 15 - ,y; kPz;Lk; NghH Kidf;F te;Jtpl;lhH. fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J mTl;uhkpd; gil jq;fpapUe;j gFjpf;F Mq;fpyj; jsgjp fhypd; tUtjhfj; jfty; fpilj;jJ. fhypd; te;J NrUKd; mTl;uhik xopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lnkd;w jpl;lj;Jld; jd; jhf;Fjiyj; njhlHe;jhH. Mdhy; nksy;tpapd; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ. vd;whYk; nksy;tpapd; ,j;jhf;Fjy;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; ngUk; mr;rj;ijAk; gy rpf;fy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. m`kJy;yh \h`;tpd; ,izaw;w ijhpaj;ij Mq;fpy tuyhw;W mwpQH N`hk;]; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ: Gul;rpf;fhuHfspd;... jiytuhd igrhghj; nksy;tp m`kJ\h kfj;jhd rhHj;jpaKk; ijhpaKk; cj;NtfKk; tha;f;fg;ngw;wtH.XHcaHe;j ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhfg; NghuhLk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtH. xU ngUk; uhZtj;ijAk; elj;Jk; rf;jp ngw;wtH. vd;W Gfo;e;Js;shH.* (* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy.> gf;fk;.354.) mjd;gpd;dH yf;Ndhtpd; ,Ujak; Nghd;w \h`j;fd;iQf; ifg;gw;wp> Nfhl;il Nghd;w fl;blj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyauJ gPuq;fpg; giliaj; jhf;fpdhH. ,tiu mg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpul;l Mq;fpy muR 21 gilg;gphpTfis mDg;gp itj;jJ. ,jdhy; yf;Ndhtpy; ,Ue;J 29 iky J}uj;jpYs;s ghhpapy; Kfhkpl;lhH. mNahj;jp gFjpapy; rpw;wuR elj;jpa ghd;uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; jdf;F cjTthH vd;w vz;zj;Jld; mtUf;F fbjk; mDg;GfpwhH. [fd;dhj rpq;fplk; ,Ue;J m`kJy;yh \htpw;F miog;G tUfpwJ. mtH miog;gpd; gpz;zdpapy; gpd;dg;gl;bUe;j #o;r;rpia mwpahj m`kJy;yh \h`;. Muthuk; VJkpd;wp ahid kPjkHe;J ghtd;uh[htpd; fb efUf;Fs; EiofpwhH. mtH Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;jJk; Nfhl;ilf; fjTfs; %lg;gl;ld. Nfhlilr;Rthpd; kPJ fhtyHfs; #o uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhH. rjptiyf;Fs; mfg;gl;L tpl;Nlhk; vd;gij czHe;j nksy;tp> jg;gpf;f Kaw;rpf;F Kd; uh[htpd; jk;gp gy;Njt; rpq; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl... Njhl;lhf;fis khHgpy; Ve;jp kz;zpy; rha;fpwhH m`kJy;yh \h`;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F jq;fs; tpRthrj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfTk; ntFkjpfisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; uh[hTk; mtH jk;gpAk; tPukuzkile;j nksy;tpapd; jiyia ntl;b vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> 13 iky; J}uj;jpYs;s jhzhtpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j Mq;fpNyahplk; XbdH. Nksy;tpapd; jiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyaH> mjid xUfk;gpy; nrUfp Nghyp]; nfhj;jthy; rhtbapy; vy;NyhUk; ghHf;Fk; gb Cd;wp itj;Jj; jq;fs; Mj;jpuq;fSf;F MWjy; Njbf; nfhz;ldH. md;dhuJ cliyj Jz;L Jz;lhf ntl;b jPapypl;Lg; nghRf;fpdH. ,e;j kz;zpw;fhf capH ePj;j mg;mgUkfdpd; cly;$l Kiwg;gb ey;ylf;fk nra;Ak; tha;g;igg; ngwKbahky; Nghapw;W. mtuJ jiy kl;Lk; m`;kj;G+H ;`hd; k`y;yhtpy; ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. xU ifapy; thisAk; kWifapy; NgdhitAk; Ve;jp mt;tPuj;jpahfp (nksy;tp mfkJ\h) Ghpe;j njhz;bw;F ,izNa ,y;iy ! - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.354. Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ele;J nfhz;ljw;fhf uh[h [fd;dhj rpq;fpw;F Mq;fpy muR 50 Mapuk; &gha; ntFkjp mspj;Jg; ghuhl;baJ. nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh \h`;tpd; jPuj;ijg; gw;wp n[duy; jhk]; vd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhp : ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; Gul;rp nra;jtUs; ,tiutpl Nkyhd tPuH vtUkpy;iy. ]H> Myd; Nfk;gy; vd;w khngUk; Mq;fps jsgjp> Aj;jf; fsj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw Kbahky; Nghdjw;F ,tNu fhuzk;. jd; jha;ehL tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nghuhbajpy; ,tH xU epfuw;w jPuH;. - vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ cz;ik ... ntWk; Gfo;r;rp ,y;iy !* (* V.vd;.Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jp tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;>60-61.) xU ths; ,UgJ jiyfs; nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`; Nghd;W xU jdpkdpjuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU gl;lhsj;jpw;Fhpa KO guhf;fpukj;Jld; jpfo;e;j kw;nwhU khHf;f mwpQH nksy;tp kpH[h k`;jP rhyp`; rpwe;j NghHf;fiyg; gapw;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j kpH[h k`;jP> K/j;jPfd;Q; gFjpiaj; jd; MSifg; gFjpahff; nfhz;ltH. ,tuJ K/j;jPfd;Q; vy;iyf;Fs; Mq;fpNyaH Eioe;jhy; mtHfsJ jiy jg;ghJ. 1858 - ,y; ,tiu tPo;j;Jtjw;fhf nfsfhl;bypUe;J mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpyg; gil kpH[h k`;jPapd; vy;iyf;Fs; Eioa Kbahky; jj;jspj;jJ. gy ehs; Kw;Wifj; njhlHe;jJ. xU ehs; mjpfhiy g[;U njhOJtpl;L gs;spthapiy tpl;L kpH[h; k`;jP ntsptu> Mq;fpyg; gil mtiur; #o;fpwJ. jd; eguhf epd;W 20 Ngiu ntl;b tPo;j;jp ,Wjpapy; vjpuhspapd; Fz;Lfis khHgpy; jhq;fp rha;fpwhH. ,g;gb ,e;j kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhba cykhf;fs; gyH tPu kuzk; mile;jNghJ> mtHfsJ [dh]h (,we;j cly;) itg; nghjpe;j fgd;Jzp (rtj;Jzp) KOf;f ,uj;jf;fiwg; gbe;jpUe;jJ cz;ik tuyhwhFk;. G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfl;l Kjy; ,e;jpad; 1929 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 29 - ,y; yh$hpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; ,e;jpaTf;F G+uz Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; (Complete Independence India,as its goal) vd;w jPHkhdk; Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.* Mdhy; mjw;F vl;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng G+uz Rje;jpuNk vq;fs; gpwg;Ghpik vd;w Nfhrj;ij itj;jtH XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f mwpQH MthH. (* B.l Grover,S.grover,A New Look At Modern Indian History, P.426.) 1921 - ,y; m`kjhghj;jpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; xU jPHkhdj;ij gpujhdkhf Kd; nkhope;jdH. ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpf; me;j];jpid mjhtJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mj;jPHkhdk;. Nlhkpdpf; me;j];J ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;fg;gl;lhy; Ml;rpapy; Mq;fpNyaUld; ,e;jpaUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;G cUthFk; vd;W fhq;fpu]pd; %j;j jiytHfs; fUjpdH;. kpfg;ngUk; Njrpaj; jiytUk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xutUkhd nksyhdh `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; kl;Lk; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij vjpHj;J Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J ehk; ngwNtz;baJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd nlhkpdpf; me;j];jy;y. Mq;fpNyaH ,k;kz;zpypUe;J KOikahf ntspNawp ,k;kz;zpd; ike;jHfsplk; ,e;j Njrj;ij xg;gilf;fpd;w G+uz Rje;jpuk; MFk; vd;whH. Guz Rauh[;ak; (Complete Indepedence Nation) jPH;khdj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf Kd;nkhope;J `[;uj; nkh`hdp Mw;wpa jPH;f;fkhd ciuiaf; Nfl;l khehl;Lg; gq;NfHg;ghsHfs;> ,k;khehl;by; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; G+uz Rauh[;a Nfhrk; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wg;glhjh vd;w MHtj;Jld; ,Ue;jdH. Mdhy; fhe;jpabfs; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij td;ikahf vjpHj;jhH. mjdhy; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;glhky; Nghapw;W.* (* Young India, May 4 , 1992; Ref; Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India- The Role of Ali Brothers, PP.159-60, 164-65.) Mdhy; 1929 yh$H fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mNj G+uz Rauh[;ak; Nfhhpf;ifia fhe;jp[pNa Kd; nkhope;jJ tuyhW. `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; 1923 - ,y; fpyhgj; fkpl;bj; jiytuhfTk;> 1924 - ,y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; khehl;Lj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;J Njr tpLjiyf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. 1921 m`kjhghj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; vOg;gpa G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhhpf;ifia 1937 -,y; yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w K];ypk;; yPf; khehl;by; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wr; nra;jhH kpfr; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhs `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> jd; vOj;jhw;wiyj; Njr tpLjiyf;F mHg;gzpf;Fk; Kfkhf cUJ K`y;yh vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhH; mg;gj;jphpf;if gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vj f kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk; mjpHr;rp itj;jpakhf mike;jJ. xUKiw cUJ K`y;yhtpy; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd mf;dp thHj;ijfisj; jhq;fpa XH ,isQdpd; ftpij gpuRukhdJ. mf;ftpij Vw;gLj;jpa ryryg;gpdhy; nfhjpj;Jg;Nghd Mq;fpy muR `[;uj; nkh`hdpf;F Nehl;B]; mDg;gpaJ. Mf;ftpijia VOjpatH ahH vd;gij vq;fSf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;j Nehl;B]; mr;RWj;jpaJ. mjw;F `[;uj; nkh`hdp kWj;J tpl;lhH. ftpijiag; gpuRhpj;j gj;jphpf;ifapd; MrphpaH ehd;> vdNt mjw;F ehd; jhd; nghWg;G. vOjpatiu milahsk; fhl;lKbahJ. Ntz;Lkhdhy; vd;kPJ eltbf;if vLq;fs; vd;W Nehl;B]{f;Fj; Jzpr;rYld; gjpyspj;jhH. Mq;fpy muR `[uj; nkh`hdp kPJ eltbf;if vLj;jJ. NfhHl;Lf;F mtiu miyf;fspj;jJ. ,Wjpapy; MWkhjr;rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. cUJ K`y;yh gj;jphpf;ifiaj; jil nra;jJ. mg;gj;jphpf;if mr;rplg;gl;l `[;uj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd mr;Rf;$lj;ij [g;jp nra;jJ. ahNuh vOjpa ftpijf;fhf ePq;fs; ,j;jidj; Jd;gq;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkh? - vd;W md;dhhplk; Nfl;lNghJ> mJ ahNuh vOjpa ftpijjhd;. Mdhy; vdf;F cld;ghlhd ftpij. vd; Njreyd; ehLk; thHj;ij fisr; Rke;j ftpij. mf;ftpijia vd; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gpuRhpj;jjw;fhf ehd; ngUikg; gLfpNwd;. mjw;fhf vdf;F ,j;jzlid vd;why;> vd; Njrj;jpd; tpbaYf;fhf ,j;jz;lidia kfpo;NthL Vw;fpNwd;!. - vd;W gjpyspj;jpUf;fpwhH. `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gLk;NghJ mtuJ kidtpahH epiwkhjf; fHg;gpzp. mf;Foe;ijia <d;w mj;jha;> jd; fztd; jpUKfj;ijg; ghHf;fTk; thhpirf;fhl;lTk; Foe;ijiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpf; nfhz;L xt;nthU rpiwr;rhiyahf miyfpwhH. ve;jr; rpiwapy; mtH milf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwhH vd;gijf; $w Mq;fpy muR kWj;J tpLfpwJ. %d;W ehl;fs; gl;bdpAld; gy rpiwfSf;Fk; miye;j mj;jha;> ,Wjpapy; jd; fztidr; re;jpf;fpwhH. jdJ thhpir Kjd; Kjyhfg; ghHj;j `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> rpiwf; fk;gpfspD}Nl ifnfhLj;J Foe;ijia thq;fp Kj;jkpLfpwhH. jd; Foe;ijf;F xU jfg;gd; Kj;jkpl;lJ Fw;wkh? Mq;fpy muR mjidAk; Fw;wkhf;fpaJ.rpiw tpjpfis kPwp ele;jhH vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;b NkYk; ,uz;lhz;Lfs; rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. Rpiwr;rhiyapy; `[;uj; nkh`hdp nrf;fpOj;j nfhLikAk; ele;jJ !* nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; `[;uj; nkh`hdp vd;W ,dpahtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW Ngrl;Lk;. (*rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f. mg;J]; ]kJ> ,];yhkpa jkpoH Nguit elj;jpa Rje;jpug; nghd;tpoh ciuapy;> nrd;id. 18.10.1997)
gj;th njd;dfj;jpy; ,aq;fp te;j mugpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; kjurhf;fSk; md;W Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; Nfe;jpuq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,e;epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;wpa cykhf;fs; Mq;fpy kurpd; fLikahd eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. 1831 Nk 6 - ,y; eilngw;w ghyNfhl; Aj;jj;jpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd cykhf;fs; caphpoe;jdH. Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; khHf;f mky; (topghL) njhlHghdJ vd;w Njrhgpkgd Kof;fq;fSld; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf cOjpAK; NgrpAk; jq;fs; Rje;jpug; gq;fspg;igj; je;j Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fspd; gz; kfj;jhdJ. Mq;fpNyaH kPJs;s ntWg;gpid mtHfsJ nkhoapd; kPJk; fhl;bdH. Mqpfpyk; gbg;gJ `uhk; - vd;W Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fs; gj;th(khHf;fj;jPHg;G) nfhLj;jdH. me;epag; nghUl;fisg; ghp\;fhpf;f Ntz;Lk; RNjrpg; nghUl;fisNa taq;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fhe;jp[papd; RNjrp ,af;fk; ehnlq;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd xU fyhr;rhu ,af;fkhf cUthfpaJ. ,jpy; ,];yhkpaHfsod; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. K];ypk;fs; gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;WtJ `uhk; (Haram ; Unlawful). -1921 [{iyapy;fuhl;rpapy; eilngw;w fpyhgj; khehl;bd; jiyik ciuapy; nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp.* Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; jpz;Lf;fy;iy ikag;gLj;jp cykhf;fs; gyH ,e;j Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf caHj;jpg; gpbj;Js;sdH. nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp mtHfs;>** fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; fye;J nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;w gfpuq;f mwptpg;ig tpLj;jhH. mjw;F md;iwa cykhf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. 1920 - ,y; <Nuhl;by; eilngw;w cykhf;fspd; khehl;by; KOf;f KOf;f Njrpa gpur;ridfNs Ngrg;gl;ld. nksyhd Kfk;kJ myp ,k;khehl;by; Mw;wpa ciu md;W jkpof cykhf;fs; Njrpa eltbf;iffspy; Ntfkhf <Lgl ce;J rf;jpahf mike;jJ. gs;spthry;fisAk; mugpf;fy;Y}hp kjurhf;fisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpd;w NgRfpd;w nray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa fsq;fshf khw;wpa cykhf;fspd; Rje;jpu gq;Nfw;G kfj;jhdJ. (* Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India The Role of Ali Brothers, P.153.) (** rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f.mg;J];]kJ rh`pg; mtHfsJ je;ijahH.)
Mq;fpNyau;fisf; $z;NlhL mopj;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltidj; njhOk;gb K];ypk; jha;khHfs; Foe;ijfsplk; $wpaij ehd; Nehpy; Nfl;Nld;.- by;yp kd;dH kPJ ele;j tof;F rhl;rpaj;jpd; NghJ Mq;fpy khJMy;l;nty; $wpaJ. (*tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.61) Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y; 1857 - ,y; khkd;dH gfJH\kph [/gH jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Ml;;rpahsHfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf xUq;fpize;jNghJ> mjpy;; murhz;l ,uz;L tPukq;ifaH ,Ue;jdH |