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Nfushtpd; kyghh; khg;gps;is K];ypk;ffs; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk; - mth;fSf;F tpRthr Copah;fshd Nkl;Lf;FbapdUf;F vjpuhfTk; fpsh;e;njOe;j ,g;Gul;rpia xLf;f khg;gps;is mTl;Nur; rl;lk;> khg;gps;isf; fj;jpr; rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw kyghh; K];ypk;fs; kPJ muR jpdpj;jJ. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpapy; epfo;e;j ,f;fpsh;r;rpapd; NghJ nghf;fhj;Jhupy; capupoe;j khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 600. gl;lhk;gpapy; capupoe;jth;fspd; vz;zf;if 500. ifJ nra;ag;gl;L jp&hpypUe;J Nfhak;gj;JhUf;F ruf;F uapypd; fhw;Wg;Gfhj ngl;bfSf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;L nfhz;L tUk;NghJ>%r;Rj;jpzwp ,we;j khg;gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if 55 vd;W 1921 nrg;lk;gh; 1 - ,y; ntspahd jp ,z;bngd;ld;l; gj;jphpf;if $wpaJ.* *B.M.Tank,Non-Co.operation Movement in India.1921,A Historical Study,P.106. ,Jnty;yhk; khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; jpahfj;ijg; gw;wp ehd; gbj;J fz;fs; gdpj;j tuyhW. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;iw vOjp gy tuyhw;W mwpQh;fsJ Ehy;fspd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; Nrhfq;fspd; fdj;NjhL milgl;Lf;fplf;Fk; ,e;jg;Gul;rp tuyhW Nguhrphpah; ntq;fNlrd; mth;fSf;F kl;Lk; njhpahky; NghdJ Mr;rhpaNk. 1985- ,y; ntspte;j ,tuJ Ehypd; Mq;fpy kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gjpg;GfisNa ,sq;fis khzth;fs; mjpfkhfg;gbf;fpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah Neh;ikahd Ma;T kdk; nfhz;l Nguhrphpah;fs; - tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs; jkpofj;jpy ,Ue;Jk;>,tuJ thpfSf;Fs; Kfk; fhl;Lk; tFg;Gzh;Tf;F xUth; $l vjph;g;G njhptpf;fhjJ tUe;Jjw;FwpaJ. xhprh khepyj;jpd; Kd;dhs; fth;dUk; Kd;dhs ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; tuyhw;W mwpQUkhd B. N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; vOjpa ,];yhKk; ,e;jpaf; fyhr; rhuKk; vd;w Ehiyg;gbj;jNghJ> B.N. ghz;Nl Nghd;w mwpQh;fSf;F ,Ue;j jhh;kPf czh;T $l ,];yhkpa fy;tpahsh;fSf;F ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lNj vd;W Mjq;fg;gl;Nld;. vd;id Mjq;fg;gl itj;j mf;fl;Liur;nra;jp ,J jhd;;;: B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; 1928 - ,y; myfhghj;jpy; khtPuh; jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ> Mq;fpNyh -ngq;fhyp fy;Yhhp khzth; kd;wj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;fofj;ij njhlq;fpitj;J ciuahw;w miof;fg; gl;bUe;jhh;.mt;Tiiuf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ> md;W uh[];jhd;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xuprh> gP`hh;> ngq;fhy; khepyq;fspd; cah;epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU Ehiyg;gbj;J mjph;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rk];fpUjj;Jiwj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jphp vOjpa mt;tuyhw;W E}ypy;> B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fis mjph;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpa nra;jp ,Jjhd;: jpg;GRy;jhd; 3000 gpuhkzh;fis ,];yhj;jpy; ,izag; gyhj;fhuk; nra;j NghJ>mth;fs; midtUk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldh;! - ,j;jftiyg; gbj;jTld; B.N. ghz;Nl cldbahf> ve;j Mjhuj;ijf;nfhz;L ,ij vOjpdPh;fs; -vd;W lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupf;F tpsf;fk; Nfl;L fbjk; xd;iw mDg;Gfpwhh;. gy fbjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupaplk; ,Ue;J te;j fbjj;jpy;> ik#h; nf]l;by; ,Ue;J ,jw;fhd Mjhuk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W gjpy; tUfpwJ. cldbahf ik#h; gy;fiyf;fifj;jpd; JizNte;jh; rh;.gpN[e;jpuehj; ]Py; mth;fSf;F> lhf;lh;.`hpgpurhj; rh];jpup mth;fs; ik#h; nf]l;bypUe;J vLj;jhf $wg;gLk; nra;jp cz;ikjhdh vd;W tprhhpj;J vOJfpwhh;. 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NkYk; jpg;GRy;jhd; 156 ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fSf;F tUlhe;jpu nryTf;fhf khz;ak; toq;fpa gl;baiyAk;: rpUq;Nfhp klk; [fj; FU rq;fuhr;rhhpahUf;Fk; jpg;GRy;jhDf;Fk; ,Ue;j Ner cwit ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpg;GRy;jhd; rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpw;F vOjpa 30 fbjq;fspd; Gifg;gl efy;fisAk; B.N.ghz;Nl mth;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhh;.* (*kuhj;jpiar; Nrh;e;j gpz;lhhpfs; vdr;nrhy;yg;gl;l Kul;Lg;gilapdh; uFehjg; gl;lth;j;jdpd; jiyikapy; rpUq;Nfhp klj;ijAk; rhujh Myaj;ijAk; (1791-,y;) nfhs;isapl;ldh;. rhujh gPlk; cl;gl 60 ylrk; kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fisf; nfhs;isapl;lNjhL> gpuhkz mh;r;rfh;fs; gyiuAk; nfhd;wdh;. ,jw;F vjph;g;G njhptpj;J rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpd; gPlhjpgjp =rr;rpjhde;j Rthkpfs; Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpf;fiuapy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;. mth; jdJ cz;zh tpujj;ij if tpLk; gbAk;> ,og;Gfis <L nra;tjhfTk; gPlhjpgjpf;F jpg;GRy;jhd; vOjpa kly;fSs; xd;W. ghh;f;f gpd;dpizg;G.1) Nguhrphpah; =`z;ilahtplkpUe;J ngw;w Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L> md;W ghlj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Ehy;fisj; Njh;T nra;Ak; fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;jUf;F> ngha;Ak; Gide;JiuAkhf mike;Js;s lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;f Ntz;Lk; - vd;W B.N. ghz;Nl vOJfpwhh;. mg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; JizNte;jh; m];Nlh]; Kfh;[p> ,jd; Nky; eltbf;if vLj;J lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jil nra;fpwhh;.** (** B.N. Pande, Distortion of medival Indian History, Islam and Indian Culture Pa37-39) mwpQh; B.N. ghz;Nlapd; ,k;Kaw;rpapid Vd; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;Nld; vd;why;> jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp xU tuyhw;W Ehypy; ntspahd jtwhd jftiy mg;Gwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; tuyhW Neh;ikahfr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk; K];ypk; my;yhj xU tuyhw;W mwpQh; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfspy;> K];ypk; mwpQh;fs; ,wq;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd; Mq;fpNyah; fhyk; njhl;L ,d;W tiu ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhWfs; jphpf;fg;gl;l tuyhwhfNt ntspte;Js;sd. ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhW jpUj;jp vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;iwa fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;Njit. K];ypk;fisj; Njr tpNuhjpfs;> Njrg;gw;W ,y;yhjth;fs;> td;Kiwahsh;fs;> ,e;j kz;zpd; kuGfSlDk; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; gz;ghl;L ghuk;ghpaq;fSlDk; xj;Jg; Nghfhjth;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; fl;Lf;fijfs; jPtpukhfg; gug;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;jr; #oypy; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; gr;ir uj;jq;fsha; ghpkhug;gl;l ,];yhkpah;fspd; jpahfq;fSk; tuyhWfSk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Ngrg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;j jhh;kPf nghWg;Gzh;tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; jpahfj;jpd; epwk; gr;ir vd;w ,e;Ehiy> ehd; mwpe;j tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;nfhz;L gilj;Js;Nsd;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F ,]yhkpah; Mw;wpa njhz;Lfis KOikahfg; NgRtNjh> gy;NtW jsq;fspy; epd;W jpahfk; Ghpe;Njhh; ngah;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LtNjh vd; Nehf;fky;y. vd; kdijg; ghjpj;j tpraq;fis kl;Lk; cq;fNshL gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tj;ij kl;LNk ,e;Ehypd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; ehd; gj;jpug;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;. ,e;E}yhf;fj;jpw;F Jizepd;w neQ;rq;fis ed;wpNahL epidj;Jg;ghh;f;fpNwd;. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisj;jpul;l Jiz epd;w Kidth; S. th;f;fP]; n[auh[; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk;: Njitahd Ehy;fisj; je;J cjtpa ,d;W jkpofj;jpNyNa mjpfkhd ,];yhkpa Md;kpf ,yf;fpa Ehw;fisr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Js;s ,];yhkpa E}w;fhtyh; fk;gk; S. Kfk;kJ myp mth;fSf;Fk;: vdJ vOj;jhf;fk; E}y; tbtk; ngw KO xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa jf;fiy `hkpk; K];jgh mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;. vd; vz;zq;fis vjph;ghh;hg;Gfisf; fk;g;A+l;lh; %yk; tbtikj;J je;j ehfh;Nfhtpy; ,Nk[;|Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;];-f;Fk;: Ehiy kpfr;fpwg;ghf gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;l rKjhaj;jpd; tpbay; nts;spahj; jpfOk; ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy gjpg;gfj;jhUf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; epd;W m]yhkpah; Mw;wpa gz;fis jpahfq;fis ,q;F th;fSf;Fs; trg;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;Js;Nsd;. thrpAq;fs; tpkh;rdq;fis vdf;F vOJq;fs;. mit NkYk; vd;idAk; vd gilg;GfisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk;. md;Gld; K. mg;Jy; rkJ Njh;Tepiy tphpTiuahsh; jkpo;j;Jiw `h[p fUj;j uhTj;jh; `Tjpah fy;Yhhp cj;jkghisak; - 625533.
ed;wp nfhy;tij thof;if topahff; nfhz;lth;fs; kl;LNk> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; ,];ypk;fspd; gq;if kiwg;ghh;fs; my;yJ kWg;ghh;fs;. Njrg; gphptpid;f;F K];ypk;fNs fhuzk; vd;nwhU ngha;iaf;fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lhh;fs; rpy ghrp];Lfs;. ,th;fs ,e;jg; ngha;ia ,iltplhky; gug;gpdhh;fs;. ,ij xU ngUk; gFjp kf;fs; ek;gTk; nra;jhh;fs;. ,e;j ghrp];Lfs; NkNy ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngha;iag; gug;GtNjhL epd;W tpltpy;iy. tuyhw;wpd; xU Kf;fpag;gFjpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijf;fTk; nra;jhh;fs;. mg;gb mth;fs; Gijj;j tuyhWjhd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghpy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F. ,e;j ghrp];Lfs; ,d;ndhU ghjfj;ijAk; ve;jj; jaf;fKkpd;wp nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. mJ ,e;jpahTf;F ,uz;lfk; nra;jth;fs; K];ypk;fs; vd;nwhU tb fl;bd ngha;iaAk; gug;gp tUfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jg; ngha;fs; mth;fs; vjpghh;j;j gyid mth;fSf;Fj; juhky; Ngha;tpltpy;iy ,e;jg; ngha;fs; ,d;iwa K];ypk;fspiNa xU Fw;w czh;it Vw;gLj;jpj; jiyjho;j;jr; nra;Jtpl;lJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. ,e;j Ehy; kiwf;fg;gl;l my;yJ Gijf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfis mfo;e;J ntspNa nfhz;L te;J xU tuyhw;W ntspr;rj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ. Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOe;J Nghuhb jq;fs; ,d;Dapiu <e;j K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if Vuhsk;!! ,e;j tiyhW> mjhtJ Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf K];ypk;fs; njhLj;j Nghh; xU ePz;l nebafhyk; tiu ePbj;jJ. MfNt K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiy;g; Nghh; tuyhW kpfTk; ePz;lnjhU tuyhW. ,e;j tuyhW ,y;yhj tuyhW FiwAilanjhU tuyhNw!! Mjyhy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; K];ypk;fspd; tuyhW KOikahf kf;fs;Kd; nfhz;L te;J rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; Ehyhrphpah; mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fs; gf;fk; 11y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb Ma;Tfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhnyy;yhk; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghh; tuyhW ,d;Dk; epiwtilatpy;iy. xU ngUk; ,ilntsp nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; xU tuyhw;Wg; gLnfhiy xU gyhj;fhuj;NjhL jpzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; kJiu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ghl Ehyhf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; History Of Freedom Struggle in India Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,NjNghy;jhd;> ahUf;nfy;yhk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; gq;fpy;iyNah mth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; xU bgha; tuyhwhf tiuag;gl;L muR mq;fPfhuk; ngwj;Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;gb xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;j Ehy; ,d;Dk; ,ulbg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiy tuyhw;iw tiufpd;wth;fs; ,e;j tuyhw;iw - ,];yhj;jpd; rPhpa gq;if kwe;J tplf;$lhJ! ,ij ,d;Dk; Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy; Njrpak; vd;gJ gpw;iw ehl;fspy; Njhd;wpa xd;Wjhd;. Mdhy; K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiyg; Nghh; Njrpak; vd;w nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;;jg;gLtjw;F vj;jidNah Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Muk;gkhdJ. ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;fs;. mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; ft;fh]; gFjpapy; ]hh; kd;dh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf ,khk; fhrpKy;yh`; \`Pj; ,khk; \hkpy; MfpNahh; Nghihbdhh;fs;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhy;tpia Kjypy; Kj;jkpl;lJ Mg;fhdp];jhd; K];ypk;fspd; iffspy;jhd; (,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 6). Mq;Nf K];ypk;fis Mjpf;f Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf epWj;jpaJ ,];yhk;jhd;. ,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 16>17y; Fwpg;glg;gLk; nra;aj; m`;kj; \`Pj; mth;fis Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf fpsh;e;njor; nra;jJ ,]yhk;jhd;. \`Pj; nra;aj; m`;kj; mth;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,];yhkpa mwpQh; my; kpahd; vd;w mGy; `]d; myp ej;tP mth;fs; ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; ehafh;fs; thpirapy; ,izj;Js;shh;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypfs; Nghuhb jq;fs; capiuj; je;J nfhz;bUe;j mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; vfpg;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf K];ypk;fs; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mth;fSf;F ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;J cw;rhk; je;jJ ,];yhk;jhd;. ,e;j cz;ikfspd; xspapy; ,];yhj;jpd; gq;F chpa mOj;jj;NjhL vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ehiy ,yf;fpar;Nrhiyapd; ntspaPlhf ntspapl Kd;te;J> ,irTk; je;j Nguh. mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fSf;F ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,yf;fpr;Nrhiyapd; ,yf;fpag; gzpAk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk; ty;Nyhd; my;yh`;tpd; ngUq;fUizapdhy; njhlUfpd;wJ. my;`k;e;Jypy;yh`;. thrfh;fs; tof;fk; Nghy; jq;fs; Mjuitj; jUth;fs; vd vjph;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tz;> K. Fyhk; K`k;kJ fhg;ghsh;> ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf rpiw nrd;wth;fspYk; caph; ePj;jth;fspYk; ,];yhkpah; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fsJ kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr; rhuj;ij tpl tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; khz;Nlhh; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjhr;rhuk; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. - F\;te;j;rpq;> ,y;y];bNul; tPf;yp> 29-12-1975. tlf;fpy; rpe;jpa Kjy; uj;jk; th;j;jfk; nra;a te;j Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,e;j kz;zpd; tsj;ij epue;jukha; mDgtpf;Fk; vz;zk; Miraha; cUthdJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F ,q;Fs;s Ml;rpahsh;fs; gyh; mr;rj;Jld; ms;spf; nfhLj;jdh;. mz;l ,lKk; nfhLj;jdh;. jq;fs; Ml;rpg;gug;Gf;Fs; Mq;fpNyah; Rje;jpukha; gtdptu ghij mikj;jdh;. Vndd;why; gphpl;B\hhpd; Jiz> jq;fs; gif muRfsplk; ,Ue;J jq;fisf; fhf;Fk; vd;w Raeyj;jpdhy;. ek; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; ,r;Raeyk; gphpl;B\hUf;F epue;jukha; ,k;kz;iz Ms;tjw;fhd vspa tha;g;ghf mike;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> tpahghuk; nra;a te;jth;fSf;F ehlhSk; Mir te;Jtpl;lJ vd;gij Kjypy; fzpj;J> Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F vjpuha; ,e;j kz;zpy; Kjypy; epkphpe;J epd;wth;jhd; tq;fhsj;ij Mz;l rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh. 1757-y; Mq;fpNyaiu mth; re;jpj;j gpshrpg; Nghh;jhd; gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuha; ,k;kz;zpy; ele;j Kjy; nghpa Aj;jk;. ,g;Nghhpy; ifjhFk; ,e;jpa tPuh;fis milg;gjw;fhf Mq;fpNyah; fl;ba rpiwf;$lj;jpNyNa Mq;fpNyah;fisf; ifJ nra;J milj;j khtPuh;jhd; njsyh. Mq;fpNyahpd; ehlhYk; Miria Kisapy; fps;Sk; njsyhtpd; Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f gphpl;ldpypUe;J fly; khh;f;fkhf te;j Mq;fpyg;gil fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa vjph; Kw;Wifiar; re;jpj;jJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;nfhz;l njsyhTf;F ,aw;if kl;Lk; xj;Jioj;jpUe;jhy; ,e;jpa rhpj;jpuNk khwpapuf;Fk;. 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Mkhk; ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;B\hhpd; Ml;rp Kjypy; tq;fhsj;jpy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. njw;fpd; Kjy; NghuhspNahL Njrj;jpd; njd;Nfhbapy; Kjd; Kjyhf Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;j tuthw;W ehafh;fspy; xUth; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp rPikia Mz;l fl;lg;nghk;kd;. ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;F [hf;]d; Jiuiar; re;jpj;j fl;lg;nghk;kd; nrd;wNghJ mtNuhL nrd;w jsgjpfisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly;. mjpy; ,];yhkpa jsgjpfs; gyUk; cld; te;jij> kk;kJ jk;gpAk; Kfk;kJ jk;gpAk; khh;f;fKs;s jk;gp thpirAe;jhd; jh;k Fzthd; ,GuhK rhfpGk; jk;gp ,RkhY uhTj;jDk; - vd;W Nguhrphpah; eh.thdkhkiy gjpg;gpj;J 1971-,y; ntspahd tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly; Gfo;fpwJ.* (* nr.jpthd;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk;.36) fl;lnghk;kd; gilapy; tPuhfshfTk; Vuhskhd ,];yhkpah; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiuia tha;Ngr Kbahjth; vd;w nghUSila MOOKAH vd;Dk; cUJ thh;j;ijahy; mioj;jijf; fh;dy; Nty;\; jdJ ,uhZt epidTfs; vd;w Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH** ,r;nra;jpfs; njd;dfj;jpd; Kjy; NghuhspfSlDk; ,ize;J ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfj; jpahfk; Ghpe;jth;fs; ,];yhkpah; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. (** nr.jpthd;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk;;.38) fpspq;fh;fs; kNyrpa jpUehl;bd; gpdhq;F jPtpy; thOk; jkpoh;fs; Kd;G fpspq;fHfs; vdg; gpwnkhop NgRgth;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldH. fpspq;fHfs; vd;w gpdhq;F tho; jkpoHfspd; gl;lg; ngahpd; gpd;dhy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fsp; jpahf tuyhW xd;W cope;jpUf;fpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; rptfq;ifr; rPikia Mz;l kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;jpJg; Nghhpl;L ,Wjpapy; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;LJ tuyhW. kUJ rNfhjuh;fisj; Jhf;fpypl;lNjhL jpUg;jpailahj Mq;fpy muR> md;dhuJ FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;j ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; jsgjpfs;> tPuh;fs; vd 72 Ngiug; gpdhq;F jPtpw;F ehL flj;jpaJ. mt;thW ehL flj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F tpyq;fpl;L> iffhy;fis ,Uk;Gr; rq;fpypahy; gpizj;J elkhl tpl;bUe;jdh;. mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ rq;fpypr; rj;jk; fpspq; fpspq; vdf; Nfl;ljhy; mf;ifjpfs; fpspq;fHfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ehsiltpy; mg;ngah; mq;F FbNahpa jkpoh;fis miog;gjw;Fhpa ngauhf khwpaJ. mf;ifjpfspy; ,UtUf;Fk; kl;Lk; elf;ff; $l Kbahj mstpw;F rq;fpypg; gpizg;NghL nghpa ,Uk;Gf; Fz;Lfisf; ifr;rq;fpypapy; njhq;f tpl;bUe;jdh;. Vndd;why; mth;fs; ,UtUk; me;jf; ifjpfs; $l;lj;jpy; jiyik rhd;wth;fshth;. mth;fspy; cUth; ,isa kUJtpd; kfd; Kj;JtLF vd;w Jiur;rhkp. Kw;wth; Kf;fpa gilj;jsgjpfspy; cUtihd Nrf; cNrd; vdw; ,];yhkpa ,isQH*. ahH ,e;j Nrf;cNrd;? (* Miltry consultations, Vol.307(19.1.1803), P.1249- ,y; gpdhq;Ff;F ehL flj;jg;gl;l 72 Ngh; ngah; gl;baypy; Nrf; cNrd; ngah; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.ghh;it:Nkw;gb gf;fk;.45.) ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g fl;l Gul;rpfSs; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rp [1800-1801] Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhFk;. Mq;fpNyaHf;F vjpuhfj; njd;dpe;jpa FW epy kd;dh;fSk; ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; xUq;fpize;j $l;L eltbf;ifahf ,f;fpsHr;rp mike;jJ. kyghh; NfustHkh> kUJ ghz;baH> jpg;GRy;jhdpd; Fjpiug;gilj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa fdP\hfhd; (Khan-i-Jah-Khan), kuhj;jpapy; rpNkhfh (Shimoga) gFjpia Mz;l Jhz;lh[pNthf; (Dhondaji Waug)> tpUg;ghr;rp ghisaf;fhuh; Nfhghy ehaf;fH> jpz;Lffy; ghisaf;fhuH Nghd;NwhH xU $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpdH. ,f;$l;likg;igr; rhHe;j tlf;F-njw;F Ml;rpahsHfis ,izf;Fk; thapyhf fdP\hfhd; nray;gl;lhH. ,e;jg; Gul;rpg;gil Aj;jj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp> fhtphpf;F tlf;fpYs;s gilfis elj;Jk; nghWg;G fdP\;fhdplk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ. ,f;$l;likg;gpd; Kf;fpa jpl;lNk NfhitapYy;y gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtf; Nfhl;iliaj; jfHg;gjhFk;. Me;jg; nghWg;igAk;> Nfhit-Nryk; gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghWg;igAk; fsP\hfhd; Vw;wpUe;jhH. 4000 Fjpiug;gil tPuHfSld; ,j;jhf;Fjypy; fdP\hfhd; <Lgl;lhH.* ufrpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;l ,j;jpl;lk; gphpl;B\hUf;Fj; njhpe;Jtpl> ,k;Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy; KbtilfpwJ. ,f;fpsHr;rpqpy; ifjhd 42 NgUf;F Nryk; fnyf;lH khf;ypNahl; (Macleod) cj;juTg;gb Nryk; uhZt NfhHl;by; Jhf;Fj;jzlid vd jPHg;G toq;fg;gl;L midtUk; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ldh;** (* K.Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, The First War of Independence. 1800-1803,, PP.110-111.) (**libd.,P.125) mt;thW Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ltHfspy; xU rpyiuj; jtpu midtUk; K];ypk; tPuh;fshth;.* ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf [khj;jhf($l;lhf) Jhf;F fapw;iw Kj;jkpl; jpahf tuyhw;wpid ,];yhkpaH gilj;Js;sdH. ,e;j njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rpapy; kUJghz;baH giliaj;jiyik jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpr; nrd;wtUs; xUtHjhd; gpdhq;Ff;F ehLflj;jg;gl;l Nrf; cNrd;. ,r;rg;gl;b mkpy;jhH Nrf; cNrd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,tH> Rje;jpuf; fpsHr;rpg; gilapd; Kjy; jhf;FjYf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhH. ,tiuj; jpz;Lf;fy; Gul;;rpf; $l;lj;jpd; vOr;rp tPuH> rpwe;j Nghuhsp vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQH Nf.uh[a;ad; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.** ,e;j Nrf;cNrd; jhd; kUJghz;baH tPo;r;rpapd; NghJ Mq;fpNyauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gpdhq;F jPtpy; rq;fpypahy; gpizf;fg;gl;L elkhlf; $l Kbahky; gr; gl;bdpahy; thb mq;NfNa fhykhdtH. ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhd Muk;gf;fl;l eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;W jpahf tuyhW gilj;jth;fshf fdP\hfhd;> Nrf;cNrd; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa jPuh;fs; tpsq;fpAs;sdH. (* nr.jpthd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk; 41.) (** K.Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, The First War of Independence, 1800-1803..,Page.274.) rpg;gha;fs; ngw;w cj;Ntfk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; NghH vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQHfs; Fwpg;gpLtJ 1857 - ,y; ele;j rpg;gha; fyfk; MFk;. gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpag; Nghf;FfSf;Fj; Jiz NghfpNwhNk vd;wmjpUg;jpAld; gphpl;B\; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa Vuhskhd ,e;jpa ,isQHfSf;F. gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gk; cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jNj XH ,];yhkpa ehL re;jpj;j NghHjhd;. neg;NghypaidNa flw;g;Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpyg; gil Kjd; Kjyhf Mg;fhdp];jhDld; ele;j Nghhpy;jhd; Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;jdH. 50 Nghb &gha; nryT nra;J> 20 Mapuk; NghH tPuHfis ,oe;j Mq;fpNyahpd; mj;Njhy;tp> ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F XH cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. Mq;fpNyaH nty;y KbahjtHfs; my;y. mtHfisAk; nty;y KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,e;jpa rpg;gha; fSf;Fg; gpwe;jJ. Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W Juj;j KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhLj;jJ XH ,];yhkpa ehL vd;why;> mtHfSf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOtjw;fhd #oiy cUthf;fpaJ XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f new; MFk;. 1856-,y; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpiag; gphpl;B\hH mw;Kfk; nra;jdH. Mj;Jg;ghf;fpapy; milf;fg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; vs;jhf ntspNaWtjw;fhf gd;wpf; nfhOg;Gk; gRf; nfhOg;Gk; mj;Njhl;lhf;fspy; jltg;gl;lJ. Njhl;lhf;fs; Jg;ghf;fpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa gpd;> mj;Mjhl;lhf;fisg; nghjpe;jpUe;j NkYiwj; jfLfisg; gy;yhy; fbj;J ,Oj;Jjhd; ntspapy; vwpa Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ mjpy; jltg;gl;bUe;j gd;wp gRf; nfhOg;G thapy;gl tha;g;G mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,];yhkpaUf;F gd;wpf; nfhOg;G tpyf;fg;gl;l(`uhk;)czT MFk;. gpuhkzHfSk; gpw irtHfSk; khkprk; rhg;gpl khl;lhHfs;. vdNt jq;fs; thapy; gd;wp gRf;nfhOg;G gLtij ,UrhuUk; ntWj;jdH. nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; milf;fg;gl;l vdl/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfis Kjd; Kjyhf tq;fhsj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 19-tJ gilg;gphptpy; gad;gLj;jp ghpNrhjpf;f Mq;fpy muR jPHkhdpj;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; tq;fhsk; guhf;G+hpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 34-tJ gilg;gphpT Gul;rpia Muk;gpf;fj; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ ,g;gilg; gphptpYs;s ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F fy;fj;jhtpd; mUfpy; jq;fpapUe;j myp ej;`pfhd; vd;w ,];yhkpa Ml;rpahsHjhd; MjuTk; Jhz;LjYk; mspj;J te;jhH.* ,e;j Neuj;jpy; uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa tPuHfsplk; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfj;ijj; jq;fs; ufrpag; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; K];ypk; gf;fPHfs; Vw;gLj;jpdhHffs;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd gf;fPHfs; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk;nrd;w rpg;gha;fs; kdjpy; tpLjiyj;jPia %l;bdH. uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; Eioe;J tPuHfsplk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdH.** (* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy>gf;fk;.85) (** Nkw;gb.> gf;fk;.63) kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; ,g;gf;fPHfs; Rje;jpu COr;rpia Cl;bdH. ,jid tPurhtHf;fH> 1857-,y; Njrahj;jpiu nra;tjhf; $wpte;j rd;dpahrpfSk; gf;fphpfSk; nksytpfSk; gz;bjHfSk; xt;nthhplj;jpYk; ufr;akhf [dq;fSf;F Rje;jpu Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wp Nghjpj;Jr; nrd;wdH. mt;thwhf Gul;rpj;jP vq;Fk; guTtjw;fhd Liwfs; ntF rje;jpukhf; iff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. me;jg; NghjfHfs; (nksy;tpfs;) xt;nthU efuj;jpW;Fk; fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; nrd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;J tUifapy;> mtHfSf;Fg;gpd; Vuhskhd njhz;lHfs; gpr;irf;fhuHfs; (gf;fPHfs;) Nghy; Ntrk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L $l;lk; $l;lkha;r; nrd;W jPtug; gpur;rhuk; nra;J te;jhHfs;. mtHfs; gpr;ir vLg;gtHfshf tPl;Lf;F tPL nrd;W [dq;fspd; `pUjaj;jpy; Rje;jpu czHr;rpiaAk; Njr gf;jpiaAk; FKwp vOk;gb nra;jhHfs;*. -vd;W tpae;J jd; Ehypy; tbj;Js;shH. ngH`hk;G+H> kPul; uhZt Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;j Vuhskhd ,];yhkpa tPuHfs; gpwrka tPuHfSld; ,ize;J vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfisj; njhlkhl;Nlhk; vd;W fyfk; nra;jdH. (* Nkw;gb> gf;fk;. 63-64) mt;thW vjpHj;jtHfs; tpyq;fplg;gL;L> uhZt cilfs; fpopj;njwpag; gl;L kf;fs; Kd; CHtykhf mioj;J tug;gl;L mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. mtkhg;gl;l Fjpiug;gil tPuHfs; rpiwfis cilj;Jf; ifjpfis tpLtpj;Jf;nfhz;L nts;NawpdH.mg;NghJ fHdy; gpd;d]; Nghd;w mjpfhhpfisAk;> Vuhskhd gphpl;B\hiuAk; nfhiy nra;J> mth;fsJ tPl;Lf;F jPapl;ldH. me;epa Ml;rp tPo;f! NguurH gfJH\h tho;f! vd;w Nfhrq;fSld; kPul;by; jpuz;l 2000 MAjk; jhpj;j Fjpiu tPuHfs;> by;yp rNyh ! vd;w Xq;fhuf; FuYlDk; Xq;fpa thYlDk; hp]hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; by;yp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;ldH.* ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jplk; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; by;ypia kPl;Nghk;! By;yp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gLq;fs;. by;yp rNyh! vd;W 1944 [{iy 6-Mk; Njjp kPl;Gf; Fuy; nfhLj;jhH.** Nejh[papd; tPu Kof;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf kPul; rpg;gha;fs; hp[hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; by;yp rNyh! vd;w Kof;fj;Jld; by;yp Gwg;gl;bUf;fpd;whH. Nfhrk; xd;Nw vd;whYk; Nejh[papd; Nfhrj;jpw;Fk; ,jw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. Nejh[papd; Nfhrk; Njrj;ij kPl;gjw;fhd czHr;rpapd; tPu ntspg;ghlhFk;. kPul; rpg;gha;fspd; NfhrNkh Njr kPl;Gf;fhf ,e;jpa Njrk; NguurH gfJH\h [/ghpd; jiyikia Vw;gjw;fhd gpufldkhf mike;jJ. (* V.vd;. Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;.10) (** B.L.Grover, S.Grover, A New Look at Modern Indian History, P665) NguurH gfJH\hit ,e;jpag; Nguurpd; jiytuhf mwptpj;J nly;ypapy; jpuz;l Fjpiug; gil tPuHfSld;> by;ypapy; ,Ue;j fhyhl; gilapdUk; ,ize;jdH. Gul;rp ntbj;jJ. fHdy; hpg;Ns Nghd;w caujpfhhpfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. gphpl;B\; muR jdJ ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L KO Ntfj;Jld; ,f;fyfj;ij xLf;fpaJ. Mjpy; ifjhd - nfhy;yg;gl;l Jhf;fpNyw;wg;gl;l ,];yhkpaHfspd; vz;zpf;if vz;fspd; gpd;dhy; G+[;[aq;fis mLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ghjpg;gpd; cr;rkhf ,Ue;jJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy; mg;Gul;rpapd; gykyf K];ypk;fs; ,Ue;jjhy;> K];ypk;fis tplf;$lhJ vd;W KbT nra;j Mq;fpNyaH> fyfj;ij xLf;Fjy; vd;w NghHitapy; K];ypk;fis rfy epiyfspYk; ,og;Gf;FhpatHfshf;fpdH. K];ypk;fisg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; tPo;j;jp tpl;lhy; mtHfsJ Mq;fpy vjpHg;G FiwAk; vd;w jpl;lj;Jld; K];ypk;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ij tPo;j;Jk; eltbf;ifapy; gphpl;B\hH ,wq;fpdH. 1857 Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; gfJH\htplk; ,Ue;J by;ypia Mq;fpNyaH ifg;gw;wpdH. By;ypapy; ,Ue;j K];ypk;fs; jq;fs;l tPLfisAk; clikfisAk; mg;gbNa tpl;L nts;Naw;wg;gl;ldH. mtHfSila tPLfis Mq;fpNyaH gwpKjy; nra;jdH. 1859 tiu mtHfs; jpUk;g te;J FbNaw mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. K];ypk;fspd; mirah nrhj;jpd; kjpg;gpy; Ehw;wpy; Kg;gj;ije;J gq;fpidj; jq;fis vjpHj;J Nghuhbajw;fhf Mq;fpy muR jz;lkhf mghpj;jJ.- jpthd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;> gf;fk;>57. ,];yhkpaH elj;jpa muRfs; - mjd; f[hdhf;fs; mgfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,];yhkpa nry;te;jhHfs; Mjy; rhjhuz kf;fs; tiu midtUk; jq;fs; cilikfis ,oe;jdH ,d;W njd;dpe;jpa K];ypk;fis tpl tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd; jq;fp ,ug;gjw;F ,Jjhd; fhuzkhFk;. ,jpy; jg;gpg; gpioj;j xU rpy nry;te;jHfs; ,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; gphptpidapd; NghJ ghfp];jhd; nrd;Wtpl;ldH. mjdhy; jhd; ,d;W rhiy Xuj; njhopyhspfshf - $ypfshf hpf;\h Xl;LgtHfshf tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fis ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk; ,];yhkpahpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpHg;GzHT ,e;jpa kz;zpy; mtHfsJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ijNa khw;wp mikj;jJ. ,J gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; ,d;Dk; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. mJ fhyj;jpd; Njit. Vndd;why; ,d;Wk; ,];yhkpahpd; tsHr;rpia ,k;kz;zpy; jLf;f> mtHfisg; nghUshjuj;jpy; tPo;j;JtJ vd;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; rf;jpfs; cs;sd. mtHfsJ Nehf;fk; Nfhit Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; epiwNtwp te;Js;sijAk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhd rpg;gha; fyfk; cUthf cj;Ntfk; mspj;jtHfs; - mf;fyfj;ij jq;fs; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wpatHfs; - mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,og;GfSf;F MshdtHfs; ngUk;ghdik K];ypk;fNs vd;gJ tPurhtHf;fH Nghd;NwhH jUk; thf;F %y cz;ikahFk;. xU gpb kz; gphpl;B\hhpd; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpapUe;j fhyfl;lk;. jq;fsJ Ml;rp tphpthf;fj;jpw;fhf uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; by;yp Kfyha kd;dsHfspd; Ml;rpapYk; jiyapl;ldH. kd;dHfSf;F gpwe;j ehs; ghprspf;Fk; tof;fj;ij epWj;jpdH. ,e;jr; #oypy; jhd; 1837 -,y;-gfJH\h [/gH by;yp mhpaizapy; VhpdhH. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gfJH\hTf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;if Kwpabf;f gphplB\hH nra;j Kaw;rpfs; gy. 1847 - ,y; Mq;fpy mjpfhhp nfa;j; jd; kidtpf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy;> ehis <j; ngUehs;.K];ypk;fs; khLfisf; FHghd; (gyp) nfhLg;gH. ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpj topghl;Lf;Fhpajhd khLfis K];ypk;fs; FHghd; nfhLg;gjh? Vd;W ,e;Jf;fs; nfhjpj;njOk; #oiy cUthf;fpAs;Nsd;. vdNt ehd; ehis by;ypapy; ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;ij vjpHghHj;Jf; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ehd; vjpH ghHf;Fk; ey;y nra;jpAk; mJthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.-vd;W gfJH\h Ml;rpia rPHFiyf;f ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;ijj; Jhz;btpLk; jd; vz;zj;ij tbj;Js;shd;. ,e;j ehrg;gpd;dzpia mwpe;j gfJH\h <j; ngUehSf;F Ke;jpa ehs; ,uT> MLfis kl;LNk FHghd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; khLfis ntl;lf;$lhJ - vd;W gpufldg; gLj;JfpwhH. Elf;f ,Ue;j nfa;j;jpd; #o;r;tp fhdy; ePuhdJ. Vkgw;wk; mile;j nfa;j; jdJ kidtpf;F vOjpa mLj;j fbjj;jpy;> vd; vz;zk; <Nlwtpy;iy. tUj;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gfJH\h Ke;jpf; nfhz;lhH - vd;W vOjpAs;shd;. ,g;gb gphpl;B\; murhq;fk; gfJH\hTf;F nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;. gphpl;B\hiu ,e;jpahit tpl;L tpul;l jPtpukhf rpe;jpj;J te;j gfJH\htpd; jiyikapy; kpfg;nghpa jpl;lk; cUthdJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Gjy;tHfNs! cWjpAld; KbT nra;J nfhz;NlhNkahdhy;> vjphpia nehba[y; mopj;Jtpl ek;khy; KbAk;.mtid Kbj;J ca;hpDk; mUikahd ekJ ehl;ilAk;> rkaq;fisAk;>mtw;iw vjpHgl;Ls;s mghaq;fspypUe;J fhg;Nghk;.- vd;w muR gpufldj;ijj; Jzpr;rYld; ntspapl;lhH.* Njrj;jpd Rje;jpu tpUk;gpfshd uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs;>rpWgug;Gfis MSk; jiytHfs; midtiuAk; xUq;fpizj;J> gphpl;B\hUf;f vjpuhd xd;Wgl;l vjpHg;Gf;F NghH njhLf;f jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;j 1857 Nk kjjk; 31-Mk; NjjpiaAk; NjHe;njLj;jdH. ... `pe;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; NjhNshL Njhs; epd;W Njrj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; NghH Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJk; ,e;jpa kd;dHfspd; jiyikapy; If;fpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; KbntLj;jdH.** (* fh]pk; hp];tp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuH gfJH\h [/gH gf;fk;> 7. ** tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy. gf;fk;>58.) ,k;Kaw;rpapy; xd;Wgl;l [hd;]puhzp ylRkpgha;> ehdh rh`pg;> jhe;jpah Njhg;>xsj; Nguurp Ngfk; `[uj; k`y;> gP`hhpd; rpq;fk; FtHrpq;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> `hpahdh uh[];jhd; - kfhuh\;buh kd;dHfs; Nk 31-Mk; Njjpf;fhf xd;W gl;L Mq;fpNyaiu xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; me;ehSf;fhf fhj;jpUe;jdH. ...`pe;J];jhd; rhpj;jpuj;jpNyNa kpfg;gpurpj;jpg; ngw;w me;j ehl;fis (1857 Nk khjk;) ehk; xU fhyj;jpYk; kwf;f KbahJ. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; tpNuhjpfsy;y vd;gJk;> rNfhjuHfNs vd;gJk; mg;NghJjhd; cyfkwpa gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 99. Mdhy; Nk 10-Mk; NjjpNa rpg;gha; fyfk; ntbj;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; gfJH\h jiyikapy; jPl;ba jpl;lk; nray;glhky; NghdhYk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; ,ize;jtHfs; jd;ahfTk; $l;lhfTk; rpg;gha; fyf fhyfl;lj;jpy; gphpl;B\gUf;F vjpuhd NgH eltbf;iffspy; KOikiahf ,wq;fpdH. Jq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j NtWghLfis vy;yhk; Jhf;fp vwpe;J tpl;L gfJH\h jiyikapy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahia cUthf;f tl,e;jpa kf;fs; md;W rpe;jpa uj;jk; nfhQ;rky;y. khkd;dH gfJH\h FLk;gj;Jld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L [Pdj; k`y; khspifapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhH. xU ehs; fhiy... fhiy czT nghpa jl;Lfspy; Jzpahy; %lg;gl;L vLj;J tug;gLfpwJ. cld; te;j Nk[H `l;]d; Kfj;jpNyh tp\kr; rphpg;G. `l;]d;: gfJH\h... ePz;l fhykhf epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j fk;ngd;apd; ghpRfs; ,it! (vd;wtdhf> czTj; jl;Lfis %bapUe;j Jzpfis mfw;Wfpwhd;. mq;Nf... fgJH\htpd; kfd;fs; kpH[h nkh`y;> fpYURy;jhd; ,Uthpd; jiyfs;! ,UtiuAk; Rl;Lf;nfhd;W> jiyfis ntl;bj;jl;Lfspy; Ve;jp te;jNjhL... ,J gphpl;B\; fk;ngd;ahhpd; ghpRfs; vd;W fpz;lYld; epw;fpwhd; `l;]d;. jplneQ;Rld; mtidg; ghHj;J...) gfJH\h: ij%H tk;tj; Njhd;wy;fs; jkJ Kd;NdhHfSf;F ,t;thW jhd; jq;fs; Gdpjj;Jtj;ij ep&gpg;ghHfs;! (fk;gPukhd ,e;j thHj;ijfisf; Nfl;L mjpHe;j `l;]d;> gfJH\h fz;fspy; fz;zPH tuhjijf; fz;L ... `l;]d;: ckJ fz;fspy; vd;d... ePH tw;wp tpl;ljh? gfJH\h: `l;]d; ... murHfs; mOtjpy;iy! (vd;W ngUkpjj;Jld; $w... jiy Fdpe;j thW ntspNaWfpwhd; `l;]d;)* md;Gf; fuq;fshy; ms;sp mizj;J cr;rp KfHe;j Kfq;fs;... clk;gpypUe;J Jz;lha;! ngw;w kdq;fs; vg;gb gjwp ,Uf;Fk;. mjidj; Njrj;jpw;fhd mHg;gzpg;gha; epidj;jjhy; gfJH\h fyq;ftpy;iy. * Kasim Rizwi, The Great Bahadur Sha Jaffer, P.10. rpg;gha; fyfthjpfshd Gul;rpahsHfSf;F cjtp nra;jhH. 47 Mq;fpNyaHfisf; nfhiy nra;jhH vdg; gy Fw;wq;fisg; gfJH\hNky; Rkj;jp> mtiu gHkhtpYs;s uq;$Df;F gphpl;B\; muR ehL flj;jpaJ. kd;duhf ,Ue;jtH vd;fpw fhuzj;jpdhy; khjk; 600 &gha; cgfhur; rk;gsk; toq;f gphpl;B\; muR Kd;te;jJ. vd; kz;zpd; nry;tj;ij vLj;J vdf;Nf nfhLg;gjw;F ePahH. vd;W mjid Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lhH. Nfg;ld; `hl;]d;> gfJH\htpd; %d;W ,sty;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. me;j cly;fs; Nghyp]; ];NlrDf;F Kd; fOfSf;F ,iuahFk;gb vLj;njhpag;gl;ld. mit ntFNeuk; tiu fOfSf;F Mfhukhd gpd;dH jhd; Mw;wpy; ,Oj;njhpag;gl;ld.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 296-297. jha; kz;zpy; ,dp rkhjpahFk; ghf;fpak; jdf;F fpilf;fhJ vd tUe;jpatuhf> ,we;j gpd; jd;id mlf;fk; nra;Ak; rkhjpapy; J}t xU gpb ,e;jpa kz;iz ifapy; ms;spatuhf uq;$Df;F fg;gy; VwpdhH. 1862 etk;gH 7-,y; jdJ 92-Mk; tajpy; uq;$dpy; fhykhdhH. Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; Njr tpLjiyf;fhf [g;ghdpaH cjtp Ntz;b> gHkhitj; jskhff; nfhz;L gil jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; uq;$d; ahHf; rhiyapy; cs;s gfJH\htpd; rkhjpia gy yl;r&gha; nrytpy; GJg;gpj;jhH. gfJH\h rkhjpapy; ,Ue;J xUgpb kz;iz vLj;J jkf;F kf;fs; md;Gld; mspj;j jq;f thspd; gpbapy; milj;J>* mt;thspid Xq;fpg; gpbj;jtuhf> ek; tPuHfspd; neQ;rpy; ek;gpf;ifAk;> ,k;k`hdplk; ,Ue;jJ Nghy; Njrgf;jpAk; mZtsthtJ ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;> ,e;J];jhd; ths; kpff; $Hikahf ,Ug;gJld;> xU ehs; yz;ldpd; thrw;gbiaAk; jl;Lk;! - vd;W rgjNkw;whH. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu tuyhw;wpy; fk;gPukpf;fg; Nghuhspahd Nejh[pf;Nf ... xU J}z;Ljiy Vw;gLj;jpa ngUkfd; khkd;dH gfJH\h [/gH. (* mkPH`k;\h> Nejh[papd; khiyf;F &gha; 5 yl;rk;> jpdkzp Rje;jpu nghd;tpoh kyH> gf;fk;. 69.) Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; fhe;jp[papd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dHjhd; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; xU ntF[d ,af;fkhf kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. ,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b ngua;]p ,af;fk;(Farizis Movement) vd;w kf;fs; ,af;fjijf; fl;bath fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; tho;e;j `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yh (Haji.Shariathullah) MthH. tq;fhsj;jpd; tlf;F khtl;lq;fspy; 1820-fspy; fuk;\h (Karam Shah) Tk; mtH kfd; jpg;G (Thipu)Tk; elj;jpa Md;kpf murpay; ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;j ngua;]p ,af;fj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhb. [kPd;jhHfspd; nfhLikf;F MshFk; tptrhapfspd; Fb chpikfSf;fhfg Nghuhba jpg;G> 1825 -,y; nruhG+H (Sherpur) gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rpmikj;jhH. Mq;fpy vjpHg;ghsHfis xd;W jpul;b Nfhuh kiyg; (Garo Hills) gFjptiu jd; Ml;rpg; gug;ig tphpTgLj;jpdhH. 1830 - fspYk; 1840 - fspYk; ,g;gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F kpfg;nghpa jiytypiaf; nfhLj;j - gpur;ridf;Fhpa gFjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd.* ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; jhf;fk;jhd; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhitg; Nghuhlj;J}z;baJ. gphpl;B\hUf;F thpt#y; nra;J nfhLg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l [kPd; mikg;gpy; > MSNthhpd; gpujpepjpfshd [kPd;jhHfspd; Mjpf;fk; jiytphpj;jhba fhyfl;lk;> fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; [kPd;jhHfspd; mlf;FKiwfSf;F Mshd tptrhapfSk; tptrhaf;$ypfSk; jq;fs; KjyPLfisAk; ciog;igAk; thp vd;w ngahpy; gwp nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. chpik ,oe;J te;j ,k;kf;fis xd;W jpul;b> ghpjhG+iu (Faridpur) ikag;gLj;jp `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhTk; mtH kfd; jpj;NjhkpahDk; (Dadu Mian) elj;jpa kf;fs; ,af;fk;jhd; ngua;]p ,af;fk;. ,tHfspd; [kPd; vjpHg;G ehsiltpy; [kPd; v[khdHfshd gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd fpsHr;rpahf ntbj;jJ. 1839 Kjy; 1857 tiu 18 Mz;Lfs; ,t;tpaf;fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gy rpf;fy;fisAk; ,og;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.** ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l jpj;Njhkpahd;> Gul;rpiaj; J}z;batH vd Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;L 1860 - ,y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH. rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w ngua;]p ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;jpaRje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; vd;gij Gjpa tuyhW gjpT nra;al;Lk;. (* B.L. Grover,S.Grover, A New Look at Modern Indian History, P.248. **lbid.,P.248) Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; 2.7.1943 - ,y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]hy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpahpd; MSiff;F cl;gl;l rpq;fg;G+hpy; Mrhj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH (Azad Hind Government) vd;w jw;fhypf Rje;jpu muir mwptpj;jhH. mt;tuRf;F Mrhj; `pe;j; gTr; (Azad Hind Fauj) vd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;ijAk; jdp hprHt; Ngq;f; xd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhH.* mtuhy; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa Rje;jpuf; nfhbia Kjd;Kjyhf me;jkhdpy; 30.12.1943-,y; Vw;wp Mq;fpNyaiu mr;rk; nfhs;s itj;jhH. Nejh[papd; ,e;j ,khya Kaw;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf> ,e;jpa kz;zpNyNa Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd jdp Rje;jpu muRfisg; gpufldg; gLj;jpatHfs; ,];yhkpaHfshtH. (* lbid.,P.665) ,e;jpa t`hgp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytH iraJ m`kJ uha;guyp mtHfs; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; mr;rhjidia epfo;j;jpdhH. Rka rKjha rPHjpUj;j ,af;fkhd t`hgp ,af;fk; gpd;dH Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. `h[; rhpaj;Jy;yh> jPj;Njh kpahd; MfpNahuJ tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH ngua;]p ,af;fj;ijr; rhHe;j njhz;lHfs; ,e;j t`hgp ,af;fj;jpy; jq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldH.* *(lbid.,P.248..) ghl;dhitj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L nray;gl;l nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guyp> ,e;jpa Njrj;ijj; jhUy; ,];yhk; (Darul Islam) mjhtJ ,];yhkpaHfspd; cyfk; vd;w Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,r;rje;jpu muRf;nfd Nkw;Fg; goq;Fb kf;fs; thOk; gFjpapy; jd; uhZtj;jsk; mikf;g;gl;lJ. ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; Nehf;fk;> ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpLjiyf;fhf [p`hj; (Gdpjg;NgH) GhptjhFk;. nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guypapd; ,r;Rje;jpu murk; mjd; Kd;dzpj; jiytHfSk; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwfshy; re;jpj;j nfhLikfs; Vuhsk;. ghl;dhtpy; tpyhaj; myp> `pkhaj; myp MfpNahH jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd Gul;rpfs; njhlHe;jd. fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;l nksy;tp. K`k;kJ [/gpiu Mq;fpy muR ifJ nra;J> Njrj;JNuhf jz;lid tpjpj;J me;jkhDf;F ehL flj;jpaJ. mtH me;jkhdpy; gy tUlq;fs; jdpikr; rpiwapy; thbdhH. 1870 - ,y; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xUtuhd mkPHfhDk; me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;jg;gl;lhH. mtiu me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;Jk; jPHg;gpid toq;fpa ePjpgjp ehHkid mg;Jy;yh vd;w K[h`pj; ,isQd; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whd;. ,JNghd;w gy tPutuyhWfs; ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; eltbf;ifapy; cz;L. ,JNghd;Nw 1921-,y; kyghH khg;gps;isf; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ> Nfushtpy; vHehL> ts;StehL> gFjpfis xUq;fpizj;J fpyhgj; ,uh[;ak; vd;w jdp Rje;jpu muir myp K]y;ypahH gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,t;turf;nfd fpyhgj; nfhb> fpyhgj; ehzak;> fpyhgj; uhZtk; Vw;gLj;jp jdp Kj;jpiuAld; $ba rhfr Ml;rpia> Mq;fpNyaiu Mjhpj;j rk];jhq;fspd; vy;iyfSf;Fs;NsNa elj;jpf;fhl;bdhH. ,t;thW ,e;j kz;zpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; rpe;jg;gl;l Kjy; uj;jk; - Kjy; Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfk; - Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; - Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; vd gy Kjy;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfshf> mk;Kjy;fSf;F kl;LNk nrhe;jk; cilatHfshf ,];yhkpa guk;giu cs;sJ.
fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; (khHf;f mwpQHfs;) fye;J nfhs;s khl;Nlhk;.-nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp. xU kdpjd; xU gl;lhsk; kPul; uhZt KfhKf;F mUfpy; trpj;J te;j xU gf;fphpia> rHf;fhH mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lr;ntd;W tpLk;gb cj;jutpl;lJ. rHf;fhhpd; cj;juT fpilj;jJk; mg;gf;fphp xd;Wk; mw;ahj xU rhJitg; Nghy ahnjhU gjpYk; $whky; jd; ahid kPNjwp gf;fj;jpYs;s fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W rpg;gha;fspd; tPLfspy; nrhe;jkhf trpj;Jf; nfhz;L> jkJ mYty;fisf; ftdpf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mtHjhd; mjjPtpu Njrgf;juhd nksy;tp m`kJ\h vd;gtH. mtuJ Gdpjkhd ngauhdJ `pe;J];jhdj;Jf;Nf xU N[hjpiaf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. - vd;W tPurhtHf;fuhy; Gfog;gl;l xg;gw;w tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jpahfpjhd; nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh`; \h`;.* nrd;idapy; gpwe;J tsHe;J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; thoe;jtH.Gul;rp tpijia ehnlq;Fk; tpijg;ggje;fhf tl,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ahj;jpiu nra;jtH.yf;Ndhtpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jpuz;bUe;j nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; mtH gfpuq;fkhf Rje;jpug; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhH. Mq;fpNyau;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;J Njrj;jpypUe;J mtHfis xopj;jhyd;wp ehk; ek; jha; ehl;ilNah kjq;fisNah ghJfhf;f KbahJ - cd;whH. Mq;fpy muR tjpj;jpUe;j gy jilfis kPwp ,t;tpjk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhf mtHkPJ uh[j;JNuhf Fw;wk; rhl;b> Mq;fpy muR mtUf;Fj; J}f;Fj; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. (* tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.65.) ifJ nra;ag;gl;L igrhghj; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH. 1857 - ,y;ele;j rpg;gha; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ rpiwr;rhiyia cilj;J rpg;gha; Nghuhspfs; ,tiu tpLtpj;jdH. Rpwe;j uhZt Aj;j epGzuhd m`kJy;yh \h`; jdf;nfd xU rpWgiliaj; jpul;b> yf;ndhtpd; xU gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp xU Fl;b muirNa elj;jpdhH. Rje;jpu Aj;jj;jpw;fhd tiyfis ntF jpwikAld; tPrp te;jhH. me;j tiyfs; yf;NdhtpYk; Mf;uhtpYk; cs;s %iy Klf;Ffs; vy;yhk; gutpf;fple;jJ. jd; jdpj;Jtq;fspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhH. Mq;fpy mjpfhhpfspd; fz;nzjphpNyNa xU kfj;jhd ,af;fj;ij ufrpakhf cUthf;fpa ehdh rh`pg;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> myp ej;`pfhd; Nghd;wj;jiytHfspd; ,izaw;w jpwikia vt;tsT Gfo;e;jhYk; jFk;. - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.77. Myk;ghf;fpy; cs;s gphpl;B\; uhZtj; JUg;GfSf;F fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J MAjq;fs; nfhz;L tUtij m`kJy;yh \h`; mwpfpwhH. Me;j MAjq;fisf; ifg;gw;W tjw;fhf 1858 [dthp 15 - ,y; fhd;G+H Nehf;fpg; gil elj;jpdhH. Nk[H mTl;uhk; gilf;Fk; nksy;tp gilf;Fk; kpfg;nghpa Nkhjy; eilngw;wJ. me;j Aj;jj;jpy; ifapy; Njhl;lh gha;e;J fhakile;jhH. Mdhy; tPuHfs; mtiu Mq;fpNyaH ifapy; rpf;ftplhky; xU Nlhypapy; itj;J yf;Ndh nfhz;L te;Jtpl;ldH. jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhak; G+uzkhf FzkilAKd; gpg;Uthp 15 - ,y; kPz;Lk; NghH Kidf;F te;Jtpl;lhH. fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J mTl;uhkpd; gil jq;fpapUe;j gFjpf;F Mq;fpyj; jsgjp fhypd; tUtjhfj; jfty; fpilj;jJ. fhypd; te;J NrUKd; mTl;uhik xopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lnkd;w jpl;lj;Jld; jd; jhf;Fjiyj; njhlHe;jhH. Mdhy; nksy;tpapd; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ. vd;whYk; nksy;tpapd; ,j;jhf;Fjy;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; ngUk; mr;rj;ijAk; gy rpf;fy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. m`kJy;yh \h`;tpd; ,izaw;w ijhpaj;ij Mq;fpy tuyhw;W mwpQH N`hk;]; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ: Gul;rpf;fhuHfspd;... jiytuhd igrhghj; nksy;tp m`kJ\h kfj;jhd rhHj;jpaKk; ijhpaKk; cj;NtfKk; tha;f;fg;ngw;wtH.XHcaHe;j ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhfg; NghuhLk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtH. xU ngUk; uhZtj;ijAk; elj;Jk; rf;jp ngw;wtH. vd;W Gfo;e;Js;shH.* (* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy.> gf;fk;.354.) mjd;gpd;dH yf;Ndhtpd; ,Ujak; Nghd;w \h`j;fd;iQf; ifg;gw;wp> Nfhl;il Nghd;w fl;blj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyauJ gPuq;fpg; giliaj; jhf;fpdhH. ,tiu mg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpul;l Mq;fpy muR 21 gilg;gphpTfis mDg;gp itj;jJ. ,jdhy; yf;Ndhtpy; ,Ue;J 29 iky J}uj;jpYs;s ghhpapy; Kfhkpl;lhH. mNahj;jp gFjpapy; rpw;wuR elj;jpa ghd;uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; jdf;F cjTthH vd;w vz;zj;Jld; mtUf;F fbjk; mDg;GfpwhH. [fd;dhj rpq;fplk; ,Ue;J m`kJy;yh \htpw;F miog;G tUfpwJ. mtH miog;gpd; gpz;zdpapy; gpd;dg;gl;bUe;j #o;r;rpia mwpahj m`kJy;yh \h`;. Muthuk; VJkpd;wp ahid kPjkHe;J ghtd;uh[htpd; fb efUf;Fs; EiofpwhH. mtH Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;jJk; Nfhl;ilf; fjTfs; %lg;gl;ld. Nfhlilr;Rthpd; kPJ fhtyHfs; #o uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhH. rjptiyf;Fs; mfg;gl;L tpl;Nlhk; vd;gij czHe;j nksy;tp> jg;gpf;f Kaw;rpf;F Kd; uh[htpd; jk;gp gy;Njt; rpq; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl... Njhl;lhf;fis khHgpy; Ve;jp kz;zpy; rha;fpwhH m`kJy;yh \h`;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F jq;fs; tpRthrj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfTk; ntFkjpfisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; uh[hTk; mtH jk;gpAk; tPukuzkile;j nksy;tpapd; jiyia ntl;b vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> 13 iky; J}uj;jpYs;s jhzhtpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j Mq;fpNyahplk; XbdH. Nksy;tpapd; jiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyaH> mjid xUfk;gpy; nrUfp Nghyp]; nfhj;jthy; rhtbapy; vy;NyhUk; ghHf;Fk; gb Cd;wp itj;Jj; jq;fs; Mj;jpuq;fSf;F MWjy; Njbf; nfhz;ldH. md;dhuJ cliyj Jz;L Jz;lhf ntl;b jPapypl;Lg; nghRf;fpdH. ,e;j kz;zpw;fhf capH ePj;j mg;mgUkfdpd; cly;$l Kiwg;gb ey;ylf;fk nra;Ak; tha;g;igg; ngwKbahky; Nghapw;W. mtuJ jiy kl;Lk; m`;kj;G+H ;`hd; k`y;yhtpy; ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. xU ifapy; thisAk; kWifapy; NgdhitAk; Ve;jp mt;tPuj;jpahfp (nksy;tp mfkJ\h) Ghpe;j njhz;bw;F ,izNa ,y;iy ! - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.354. Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ele;J nfhz;ljw;fhf uh[h [fd;dhj rpq;fpw;F Mq;fpy muR 50 Mapuk; &gha; ntFkjp mspj;Jg; ghuhl;baJ. nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh \h`;tpd; jPuj;ijg; gw;wp n[duy; jhk]; vd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhp : ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; Gul;rp nra;jtUs; ,tiutpl Nkyhd tPuH vtUkpy;iy. ]H> Myd; Nfk;gy; vd;w khngUk; Mq;fps jsgjp> Aj;jf; fsj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw Kbahky; Nghdjw;F ,tNu fhuzk;. jd; jha;ehL tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nghuhbajpy; ,tH xU epfuw;w jPuH;. - vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ cz;ik ... ntWk; Gfo;r;rp ,y;iy !* (* V.vd;.Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jp tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;>60-61.) xU ths; ,UgJ jiyfs; nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`; Nghd;W xU jdpkdpjuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU gl;lhsj;jpw;Fhpa KO guhf;fpukj;Jld; jpfo;e;j kw;nwhU khHf;f mwpQH nksy;tp kpH[h k`;jP rhyp`; rpwe;j NghHf;fiyg; gapw;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j kpH[h k`;jP> K/j;jPfd;Q; gFjpiaj; jd; MSifg; gFjpahff; nfhz;ltH. ,tuJ K/j;jPfd;Q; vy;iyf;Fs; Mq;fpNyaH Eioe;jhy; mtHfsJ jiy jg;ghJ. 1858 - ,y; ,tiu tPo;j;Jtjw;fhf nfsfhl;bypUe;J mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpyg; gil kpH[h k`;jPapd; vy;iyf;Fs; Eioa Kbahky; jj;jspj;jJ. gy ehs; Kw;Wifj; njhlHe;jJ. xU ehs; mjpfhiy g[;U njhOJtpl;L gs;spthapiy tpl;L kpH[h; k`;jP ntsptu> Mq;fpyg; gil mtiur; #o;fpwJ. jd; eguhf epd;W 20 Ngiu ntl;b tPo;j;jp ,Wjpapy; vjpuhspapd; Fz;Lfis khHgpy; jhq;fp rha;fpwhH. ,g;gb ,e;j kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhba cykhf;fs; gyH tPu kuzk; mile;jNghJ> mtHfsJ [dh]h (,we;j cly;) itg; nghjpe;j fgd;Jzp (rtj;Jzp) KOf;f ,uj;jf;fiwg; gbe;jpUe;jJ cz;ik tuyhwhFk;. G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfl;l Kjy; ,e;jpad; 1929 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 29 - ,y; yh$hpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; ,e;jpaTf;F G+uz Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; (Complete Independence India,as its goal) vd;w jPHkhdk; Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.* Mdhy; mjw;F vl;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng G+uz Rje;jpuNk vq;fs; gpwg;Ghpik vd;w Nfhrj;ij itj;jtH XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f mwpQH MthH. (* B.l Grover,S.grover,A New Look At Modern Indian History, P.426.) 1921 - ,y; m`kjhghj;jpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; xU jPHkhdj;ij gpujhdkhf Kd; nkhope;jdH. ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpf; me;j];jpid mjhtJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mj;jPHkhdk;. Nlhkpdpf; me;j];J ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;fg;gl;lhy; Ml;rpapy; Mq;fpNyaUld; ,e;jpaUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;G cUthFk; vd;W fhq;fpu]pd; %j;j jiytHfs; fUjpdH;. kpfg;ngUk; Njrpaj; jiytUk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xutUkhd nksyhdh `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; kl;Lk; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij vjpHj;J Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J ehk; ngwNtz;baJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd nlhkpdpf; me;j];jy;y. Mq;fpNyaH ,k;kz;zpypUe;J KOikahf ntspNawp ,k;kz;zpd; ike;jHfsplk; ,e;j Njrj;ij xg;gilf;fpd;w G+uz Rje;jpuk; MFk; vd;whH. Guz Rauh[;ak; (Complete Indepedence Nation) jPH;khdj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf Kd;nkhope;J `[;uj; nkh`hdp Mw;wpa jPH;f;fkhd ciuiaf; Nfl;l khehl;Lg; gq;NfHg;ghsHfs;> ,k;khehl;by; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; G+uz Rauh[;a Nfhrk; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wg;glhjh vd;w MHtj;Jld; ,Ue;jdH. Mdhy; fhe;jpabfs; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij td;ikahf vjpHj;jhH. mjdhy; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;glhky; Nghapw;W.* (* Young India, May 4 , 1992; Ref; Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India- The Role of Ali Brothers, PP.159-60, 164-65.) Mdhy; 1929 yh$H fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mNj G+uz Rauh[;ak; Nfhhpf;ifia fhe;jp[pNa Kd; nkhope;jJ tuyhW. `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; 1923 - ,y; fpyhgj; fkpl;bj; jiytuhfTk;> 1924 - ,y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; khehl;Lj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;J Njr tpLjiyf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. 1921 m`kjhghj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; vOg;gpa G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhhpf;ifia 1937 -,y; yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w K];ypk;; yPf; khehl;by; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wr; nra;jhH kpfr; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhs `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> jd; vOj;jhw;wiyj; Njr tpLjiyf;F mHg;gzpf;Fk; Kfkhf cUJ K`y;yh vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhH; mg;gj;jphpf;if gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vj f kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk; mjpHr;rp itj;jpakhf mike;jJ. xUKiw cUJ K`y;yhtpy; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd mf;dp thHj;ijfisj; jhq;fpa XH ,isQdpd; ftpij gpuRukhdJ. mf;ftpij Vw;gLj;jpa ryryg;gpdhy; nfhjpj;Jg;Nghd Mq;fpy muR `[;uj; nkh`hdpf;F Nehl;B]; mDg;gpaJ. Mf;ftpijia VOjpatH ahH vd;gij vq;fSf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;j Nehl;B]; mr;RWj;jpaJ. mjw;F `[;uj; nkh`hdp kWj;J tpl;lhH. ftpijiag; gpuRhpj;j gj;jphpf;ifapd; MrphpaH ehd;> vdNt mjw;F ehd; jhd; nghWg;G. vOjpatiu milahsk; fhl;lKbahJ. Ntz;Lkhdhy; vd;kPJ eltbf;if vLq;fs; vd;W Nehl;B]{f;Fj; Jzpr;rYld; gjpyspj;jhH. Mq;fpy muR `[uj; nkh`hdp kPJ eltbf;if vLj;jJ. NfhHl;Lf;F mtiu miyf;fspj;jJ. ,Wjpapy; MWkhjr;rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. cUJ K`y;yh gj;jphpf;ifiaj; jil nra;jJ. mg;gj;jphpf;if mr;rplg;gl;l `[;uj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd mr;Rf;$lj;ij [g;jp nra;jJ. ahNuh vOjpa ftpijf;fhf ePq;fs; ,j;jidj; Jd;gq;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkh? - vd;W md;dhhplk; Nfl;lNghJ> mJ ahNuh vOjpa ftpijjhd;. Mdhy; vdf;F cld;ghlhd ftpij. vd; Njreyd; ehLk; thHj;ij fisr; Rke;j ftpij. mf;ftpijia vd; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gpuRhpj;jjw;fhf ehd; ngUikg; gLfpNwd;. mjw;fhf vdf;F ,j;jzlid vd;why;> vd; Njrj;jpd; tpbaYf;fhf ,j;jz;lidia kfpo;NthL Vw;fpNwd;!. - vd;W gjpyspj;jpUf;fpwhH. `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gLk;NghJ mtuJ kidtpahH epiwkhjf; fHg;gpzp. mf;Foe;ijia <d;w mj;jha;> jd; fztd; jpUKfj;ijg; ghHf;fTk; thhpirf;fhl;lTk; Foe;ijiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpf; nfhz;L xt;nthU rpiwr;rhiyahf miyfpwhH. ve;jr; rpiwapy; mtH milf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwhH vd;gijf; $w Mq;fpy muR kWj;J tpLfpwJ. %d;W ehl;fs; gl;bdpAld; gy rpiwfSf;Fk; miye;j mj;jha;> ,Wjpapy; jd; fztidr; re;jpf;fpwhH. jdJ thhpir Kjd; Kjyhfg; ghHj;j `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> rpiwf; fk;gpfspD}Nl ifnfhLj;J Foe;ijia thq;fp Kj;jkpLfpwhH. jd; Foe;ijf;F xU jfg;gd; Kj;jkpl;lJ Fw;wkh? Mq;fpy muR mjidAk; Fw;wkhf;fpaJ.rpiw tpjpfis kPwp ele;jhH vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;b NkYk; ,uz;lhz;Lfs; rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. Rpiwr;rhiyapy; `[;uj; nkh`hdp nrf;fpOj;j nfhLikAk; ele;jJ !* nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; `[;uj; nkh`hdp vd;W ,dpahtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW Ngrl;Lk;. (*rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f. mg;J]; ]kJ> ,];yhkpa jkpoH Nguit elj;jpa Rje;jpug; nghd;tpoh ciuapy;> nrd;id. 18.10.1997)
gj;th njd;dfj;jpy; ,aq;fp te;j mugpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; kjurhf;fSk; md;W Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; Nfe;jpuq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,e;epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;wpa cykhf;fs; Mq;fpy kurpd; fLikahd eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. 1831 Nk 6 - ,y; eilngw;w ghyNfhl; Aj;jj;jpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd cykhf;fs; caphpoe;jdH. Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; khHf;f mky; (topghL) njhlHghdJ vd;w Njrhgpkgd Kof;fq;fSld; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf cOjpAK; NgrpAk; jq;fs; Rje;jpug; gq;fspg;igj; je;j Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fspd; gz; kfj;jhdJ. Mq;fpNyaH kPJs;s ntWg;gpid mtHfsJ nkhoapd; kPJk; fhl;bdH. Mqpfpyk; gbg;gJ `uhk; - vd;W Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fs; gj;th(khHf;fj;jPHg;G) nfhLj;jdH. me;epag; nghUl;fisg; ghp\;fhpf;f Ntz;Lk; RNjrpg; nghUl;fisNa taq;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fhe;jp[papd; RNjrp ,af;fk; ehnlq;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd xU fyhr;rhu ,af;fkhf cUthfpaJ. ,jpy; ,];yhkpaHfsod; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. K];ypk;fs; gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;WtJ `uhk; (Haram ; Unlawful). -1921 [{iyapy;fuhl;rpapy; eilngw;w fpyhgj; khehl;bd; jiyik ciuapy; nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp.* Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; jpz;Lf;fy;iy ikag;gLj;jp cykhf;fs; gyH ,e;j Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf caHj;jpg; gpbj;Js;sdH. nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp mtHfs;>** fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; fye;J nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;w gfpuq;f mwptpg;ig tpLj;jhH. mjw;F md;iwa cykhf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. 1920 - ,y; <Nuhl;by; eilngw;w cykhf;fspd; khehl;by; KOf;f KOf;f Njrpa gpur;ridfNs Ngrg;gl;ld. nksyhd Kfk;kJ myp ,k;khehl;by; Mw;wpa ciu md;W jkpof cykhf;fs; Njrpa eltbf;iffspy; Ntfkhf <Lgl ce;J rf;jpahf mike;jJ. gs;spthry;fisAk; mugpf;fy;Y}hp kjurhf;fisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpd;w NgRfpd;w nray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa fsq;fshf khw;wpa cykhf;fspd; Rje;jpu gq;Nfw;G kfj;jhdJ. (* Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India The Role of Ali Brothers, P.153.) (** rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f.mg;J];]kJ rh`pg; mtHfsJ je;ijahH.)
Mq;fpNyau;fisf; $z;NlhL mopj;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltidj; njhOk;gb K];ypk; jha;khHfs; Foe;ijfsplk; $wpaij ehd; Nehpy; Nfl;Nld;.- by;yp kd;dH kPJ ele;j tof;F rhl;rpaj;jpd; NghJ Mq;fpy khJMy;l;nty; $wpaJ. (*tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.61) Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y; 1857 - ,y; khkd;dH gfJH\kph [/gH jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Ml;;rpahsHfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf xUq;fpize;jNghJ> mjpy;; murhz;l ,uz;L tPukq;ifaH ,Ue;jdH. xUtH [hd;rpuhzp yf;Fkpgha;> kw;nwhUtH cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; xsj; (Outh) vd;w FWepyg;gFjpia Mz;l Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y; MthH. Ngfk; xsj; (Begum of Outh) vd;W ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW rpy thpfspy; vOjpr; nry;Yk; `[;uj; k`y[d; tPuk; - Njrhgpkhdk; - jpahf mHg;gzpg;G Mfpad xU tPu tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tpthfg; Ngrg;gl Ntz;ba tuyhw;Wf;Fk; chpajhFk;. xsj; ethghd t[Pj; myp\hit Mq;fpNyaH rpiwg;gLj;jp itj;jpUe;jdH. mtuJ Gjy;thud ,sturH gphp[p]; fhjpiur; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuHfs; rpk;khrdj;jpy; Vw;wpdH. gphp[p]; fhjpH rpWtuhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; xsj; epHthfk; mtuJ gpujpepjp vd;w Kiwapy; mtuJ jhahuhd uhzp `[;uj; k`yplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ... Fog;gkhd epiyapYk; cWjpAk; jpwikAk; Jzpr;rYk; tha;e;j Ngfk; epHthf;ij xOq;fhf elj;jp te;jjpypUe;J mtuJ ,izaw;w ngUik ntspahfpwJ. mtUila epHthf rhHj;jpaj;ij Mq;fpy rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfSk; ntFthfg; ghuhl;bAs;sdH.* 1857 - ,y; rpg;gha; fyfk; cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhtfl;lj;jpy; Ngfk; jdJ gilAld; nrd;W yf;Ndh gphpl;B\;J}jufj;ij Kw;Wif ,l;lhH. mq;fdpUe;j gphpl;B\; J}JtHfs; rpiwg; gpbf;fg;gl;ldH. J}jufj;ij ,bj;J jiukl;lkhf;fpdhH. Ngfj;jpw;F kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; tPuHfs; kj;jpapYk; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ,Ue;jJ. mtH jiyapd; fPo; jpuz;l Gul;rpahsHfs; ,uz;L yl;rk; NgH vd;Wk;: Mq;fpNyaHfis mtH vjpHj;j ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpy; gjpdhapuf;fzf;fpy; tPuHfs; te;jdnud;Wk; Mq;fpy rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.** gphpl;B\; gilg; gphpTfspy; gzpahw;wpa rpg;gha;fs; kj;jpapy; Ngfj;jpw;F kpFe;j MjuT ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Nguf;G+hpy; ,Ue;j 34 tJ gilg; gphpit Mq;fpy muR fiyj;J tpl;lJ. Vndd;why; mg;gilg;gphptpy; ,Ue;j ngUk;ghd;ikahd rpg;gha;fs; xsj; gFjpiar; rhHe;jtHfs;.*** (*Nkw;gb.>gf;fk;.253.) (** Nkw;gb>.gf;fk;.354-355) (*** R.c. AgarWal, Constitution Develapment of India and National Movement, P.43,53) 1858 khHr; 6 Mk; Njjp 30 Mapuk; JUg;GfSld; te;j Nk[H fhypd; gilNahL Ie;Jehl;fs;l NjhlHAj;jk; elj;jpdhH. ,g;Nghhpy; khkd;dH ,sty;fspd; jiyfisf; nfha;j Nk[H `l;]d;> Ngfj;jpd; tPuHfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. Mq;fpyg; ngUk;gilapd; jhf;Fjiyr; rkhspf;f Kbahky; jdJ MjthsHfSld; xsj;ij tpl;LntspNawpdhH. gpjht;ypapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j Ngfj;ij Mq;fpyg; gil njhlHe;J te;J tpul;baJ. mtH jd; MjuthsHfSld; Neghsj;jpw;Fs; jiykiwthdhH. Ngfj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; muRilikfisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; Mqpfpy muR gwpKjy; nra;jJ. kw;w ethGfs;> kd;dHfs; Nghy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F khdpaq;fis toq;fp> mtHfsJ epHg;ge;jq;fSf;F xj;Jg; NghapUe;jhy; epk;kjpahf rfy nrsghf;fpaq;fSld; mtH Ml;rp elj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; kz;zbik jPu Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf mtH Fuy; nfhLj;jjhy; ,e;epiyf;F MshdhH. Njr;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf jd; Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;J ehl;iltpl;Nl ntspNaWk; epiyf;fhshd Ngfk; `[;uj; k`ypd; jpahfq;fs; neQ;irf; fdf;fr; nra;tdthFk;. NghHf;fsk; Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fsk; tiu Ngfk;`[;uj; k`ypd; rkfhyj;jpy; [hd;]puhzpAld; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhfg; NghHf;fsj;jpy; thNse;jp epd;w kw;nwhU tPukq;if `]d; k`;gH Ngfk;. [hd;]papd; xU gilg;gphpTf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpa k`;gH> 1858 [{d; 18 - ,y; eilngw;w FthypaH Aj;jj;jpy; [hd]pAld; tPu kuzk; mle;jhH.* 1938 - ,y; `pe;J K];ypk; xw;Wikf;fhf gk;ghapy; fhe;jp[pAk; Kfk;kjyp [pd;dhTk; re;jpj;Jg; Ngr Vw;ghlgapw;W. [pd;dhitr; re;jpf;f te;j xU ngz;Zk; te;jpUe;jhs;. [pd;dhtpd; ,y;yj;jpy; %d;W kzp Neuk; ele;j Ngr;R thHj;ij Kbe;j gpd; fhe;jp[p gj;jphpif ep&gHfSf;Fg; Ngl;b mspj;jhH. mg;Ngl;bapy;: vd;dplk; mj;jpae;j gpNuik tha;e;j ngz;nzhUj;jp ,Uf;fpwhs;. `pe;J-K];ypk;xw;Wikf;fhf mts; jd; capiuAk; re;Njhrkhff; nfhLg;ghs;. - vd;W $wpatH. jd; mUfpy; epd;w mg;ngz;iz epUgHfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhH. mg;ngz;jhd; Fkhhp mkhJy; ]yhk;.** vd; Njhs;fspd; kPJ ,uz;L rpq;fq;fs; mkHe;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W fhe;jp[pahy; tUzpf;fg;gl;l myprNfhjuHfspd; jhahuhd `h[pah Myh[pghD vd;w /gPak;khs; jhd;> ifuhl;ilapy; E}w;w E}yhy; nea;ag;gl;l Milf;F fjH vd;W ngahpl;ltH. jd; ifahy; nea;j Jzpiaf; fhe;jp[pf;F mspj;J> ,jidf; fj;uhf (nfsutkhf) Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;whH.md;wpypUe;J jhd; me;j Milf;F fjH Mil vd;w ngaH te;jJ. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; fyhr;rhu milahskhd Jzpf;F fjH vd;W ngahpl;ltH xU K];ypk; jha; vd;w ngUik ek; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;Wf;F cz;L. ,t;thW NghHf;fsk; Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fsk; tiu ,];yhkpag; ngz;fs; gyH jq;fisj; Njr tpLjiyf;fhf mHg;gzpj;Js;sdH. (* B.L. Grover, S. Grover, A New Look At Modern Indian History, P.268.) (** jpdkzp> 29.04.1938.> kWgpuRuk;: 29.04.1977.)
4. Rje;jpuj;jpwfha; rpWtH Kjy; KjpNahH tiu... ...kyhapy; ehd; [g;ghdpahplk; fjpaw;w ifjpahf ,Ug;gij tpl ,e;jpahpd; capH> nrhj;J> khdk; Mfpatw;iwf;fhg;ghw;w ifapy; Jg;ghf;fpAld; ,Ue;jhy; vd; ehl;Lf;F kpf cgNahfkhf ,Ug;Ngd; vd;gjhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy ,ize;Njd;. nly;yp> nrq;Nfhl;il tof;F tprhuizapy; INA Nfg;ld; \heth];fhd;. vd; ngaH tpLjiy ! Njr tpLjiyf;F 25 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 1992 - ,y; rpe;J khfhzk; kl;yp efhpy; xU rpWtd; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf Gul;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tpjj;jpy; MNtrkhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; NgRfpwhd;. tpLjiy czHit; J}z;Lk; me;j koiyf; Fuy; xypf;Fk; ,lnky;yhk; kf;fs; jpushff; $bdH. Jfty; Mq;fpNyaUf;F nry;fpwJ. me;j 11 taJr; rpWtidf; ifJ nra;J ,d;W ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s i`juhghj; efu ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epWj;Jfpd;wdH. mr;rpWtd;jhd; ifH Kfk;kJ. ePjpkd;w $z;bw;Fs; jiy kl;Lk; ntspNa njhpAk;gb epd;w ifH Kfk;kJigg; ghHj;J Mr;rhpag;gl;l ePjpgjp... ePjpgjp : cd; ngaH vd;d? ifH : M]hj; (M]hj; vd;why; tpLjiy vd;W nghUs;.ifhplk; ,Ue;J cWjpAld; ntspte;j gjpy; ePjpgjpia epkpHe;J cl;fhu itj;jJ.) ePjpgjp : rhp... cd; je;ijapd; ngaH vd;d? ifH : ,];yhk; ! ePjpgjp : cd; [hjp vJ? ifH : xj;Jioahik! (ifhpd; gjpy;fshy; rw;Nw vhpr;ry; mile;j ePjpgjp njhlHe;J Nfl;fpwhH...) ePjpgjp : cdJ njhopy; vJ? ifH : muRf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rpiaj; J}z;LtJ (xU KjpNahDf;Fhpa fk;gPuj;Jld; gjpyspf;fpwhd;. 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CHtyj;ij topkwpj;j yahiy gPHmyp Rl;L tPo;j;JfpwhH. efnuq;Fk; kpfg;nghpa fytuk; Vw;gLfpwJ. gPHmyp ifJ nra;ag;gLfpwhH. uhZtf; NfhHl;by; gPHmypf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wf;fpg; G+l;lg;gl;l tpyq;Ffshy; mtH iffspypUe;J uj;jk; frpa ,Oj;J tug;gl;L J}f;F Nkilapy; ePWj;jg;gLfpwhH. xU gpwtp tPuDf;Fhpa Gd;KWtYld; J}f;FNkilapy; epd;w gPHmypf;F jd; Foe;ijapd; Qhgfk; tu xUfz Neuk; mtHKfj;jpy; Nrhfk; glHfpwJ. ,jidf; ftdpj;j mjpfhhpfs;> ,Jjhd; jf;f rkak; vd;W gPHmypia> gPHmyp... fpsHr;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,wq;fpAs;s kw;w jiytHfspd; ngaHfis eP ,g;NghJ ntspapl;lhy;> cd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;! vd;wdH. mjw;F kWj;j gPHmyp> ePq;fs; ,g;NghJ vd;idj; J}f;fpyplyhk;. Vd; Nghd;w gyiuAk; J}f;fpyplyhk;. Mdhy; vq;fSila yl;rpaj;ij ePq;fs; xU fhyj;jpYk; J}f;fpypl KbahJ. Ehd; ,we;jhy; vdJ uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gul;rpahsHfs; cjpj;J cq;fs; rhk;uh[aj;ijNa mopj;J tpLthHfnsd;gJ epr;rak; ! - vd;W jd; Njrj;jpd; vjpHfhy tpbay; fditj; jd; ,Wjp %r;rpy; ntspg;gLj;jpathW J}f;F fapiw Kj;jkpLfpwhH. gPH mypapd; kuzr; nra;jp Nfl;L jdGhp uhZt Kfhkpy; ,Ue;j ,e;jp rpg;gha;fs; [{iy 25-Mk; Njjp kpfg;ngUk; Gul;rpia Muk;gpj;jdH. gPH myp yf;Ndhtpy; gpwe;J tsHe;jtH. ghlypGuj;jpy; Gj;jf tpahghuk; nra;J te;jhH. ghlypGuj;jpy; Njrgf;jHfisj; jpul;b Majq;fSld; mj;Njrpa tPuHfisj; jahH nra;J itj;jpUe;jhH. ve;j Neuj;jpYk; NjrtpLjiyf;fhf jq;fs; capiuAk; ,og;Nghk; vd;W midtUk; gPH mypaplk; rj;ag;gpukhzk; nra;jpUe;jdH. gPHmypapd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,t;tPuHfs; ghlypGuk;> jdGhp gFjpfspy; Mq;fpNyaH fisg; gopthq;Fk; kpfg;ngUk; fpsHrprpapy; <Lgl;ldH.* (* tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy> gf;fk; 272-274). NjrtpLjiyf;F MAjg;Gul;rpNa jPHT ! MAjg;Gul;rp xd;Wjhd; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; tpLjiyia tuT itf;f xNu top vd;w KbTld; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; tYthd XH ,isQH mikg;G cUthdJ; Rje;jpuehj; rdahy;> NghNf\;ghG> uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy; Nghd;w> ,tptisQH mikg;gpd; Jtf;f fHj;jhf;fspy; xUtH \h[`hd;G+iur; rhHe;j m\;ghFy;fhd; vd;w ,isQH MthH. Mq;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf MAjNke;jpg; NghuhLk; tYthd ,isQH mikg;ig cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;l mt;tpisQHfSf;F> MAjq;fs; thq;fg; gztrjp Njitg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhf murhq;f f[hdhf;fisr; #iwahlj; jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. 1925 Mf];l; 26 - ,y; cj;jpug;gpNjrj;jpy; r`hd;G+hpypUe;J yfNdhtpw;F murhq;f f[hdhg; fzk; uapy; %yk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; jfty; ,tHfSf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ. fN`hhp fpuhkj;jpy; me;j uapiyj; jLj;J epWj;jp f[hdhg; gzj;ijr; #iwahl m];ghFy;yhfhd;> uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy;> re;jpuNrfu M]hj;> Nuh\d;rpq;> uhN[e;jpu yhy;hP MfpNahH jiyikapy; XH ,isQH FO Gwg;gLfpwJ. fN`hhpapy; uapy; jLj;J epWj;jg;gl;L f[hdhg; gzk; #iwahlg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthfg; nghpa mstpyhd ifJ eltbf;ifapy; Mq;fpy muR ,wq;FfpwJ. nj`;yP vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; m];ghFy;yhfhd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH. yh$hpy; 18 khjq;fs; eilngw;w tprhuizapy;> ,tH Mg;fhdp];jhDf;Fj; jg;gp Xl Kad;wtH> fN`hhp nfhs;isapy; <Lgl;ltH Nghd;w Ie;J Fw;wq;fis m];ghFy;yhfhd; kPJ Rkj;jp> J}f;Fj;jzlid toq;fpaJ ePjpkd;wk;. rpy ehNs [Ptpj;jpUg;Ngd;. vd; Njrj;jpd; xU gpbkz;iz vd; fgzhil(rtj;Jzpf;Fs;)f;Fs; itj;J vd;id mlf;fk; nra;Aq;fs;!. - vd;w nghUs; nghjpe;j ftpijia vOjp itj;jtuhf... nyg;igf;f vd;w `[; gazpfspd; jhuf ke;jpuj;ijr; rg;jkhf Koq;fpatuhf... FHMdpd; ciuiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpatuhf ... 26-09-1926- ,y; J}f;F fapw;wpy; jd;id kha;j;Jf; nfhz;l khtPud; m];ghFy;yhfhd;.* ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb MthH. (*V.vd;. K`k;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjig; nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;.223-224.) jpahf ,af;fj;jpdhpd; thpirapy;... You give me blood and I will give you Freedom vd;W Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; NjrtpLjiyf;fhf uj;jk; rpe;j miog;G tpLtpj;j NghJ> mtuJ ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy; (Indian National Army) E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,];yhkpa ,isQHfs; ,ize;jdH. gHkh> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+hpy; tpahghuq;fspYk; njhopy;fspYk; <Lgl;bUe;j gy ,isQHfs; mtuJ uhZtj;jpy; ,iztjpy; Ke;jpf;nfhz;ldH. Nejh[p 1943 [{iy 2 - ,y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; Muk;gpj;j Mrhj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH vd;w jw;fhypf Rje;jpu ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ke;jphp rigapy; uhZt gpujpepjpfshf nyg; fHdy;]; m]P]; m`kJ> vk;.,]l;fpahdp> ,\hd; fhjpH> \heh];fhd; MfpNahH ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdH.* NkYk; fhPk; fdp> b.vk;.fhd;> `gpGh;u`;khd; MfpNahUk; nyg;.fHdy;]; Mfg; gzpahw;wpAs;sdH. ,jpy; nyg;. fHdy; `gpGHu`;khd; jhd; Nejh[papd; ,wg;G gw;wp cWjp nra;Ak;> tpkhd tpgj;J ele;jJ cz;ikjhd; vd;W $wpatH.** gphpl;B\huhy; Ruz;lg;gl;L> mt;thW Ruz;Ltjw;F trjpahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt vOj;jwptpd;wp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd gl;bdp ,e;jpaHfsod; epiy fz;L ,uq;fp> jdJ cwtpdhpy; je;ij Kjwnfhz;L 80 NgH gphpl;B\; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpf; nfhzbUe;j Neuj;jpy;> NjrtpLjiyf;fhf Nejh[p gilapy; ,ize;jtHjhd; \heth];fhd;. 1945 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 5- Mk; Njjp ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpdH kPjhd tof;F tprhuiz nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Muk;gkhdJ. ,t;tprhuizapy; Kjypy; cl;gLj;jg;gl;l %tUs; xUtH \heth];fhd; MthH. Kw;wpUtH Nfg;ld; N]fhy;> nyg;. jpy;yhd;. ,tHfSf;fhf [t`Hyhy NeUTk;> M]pg; mypAk; thjhbdH. ,t;tprhuizapd; NghJ \heth];fhd; mspj;j thf;F%yk; md;W Njrk; KOf;f ngUk; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j tprhuizia gphpl;B\; muR elj;jpapUf;ff;$lhJ vd;W Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpf;iffs; vOJk; mstpw;FD> \heth];fhdpd; rhl;rpaq;fs; Nghuhl;l epahaq;fis cWjp nra;tdthf mike;jd.*** ,t;tof;F tprhuizapy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt tPuH xUtH 23-08-1945-,y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH. me;j tPu ,isQdpd; ngaH \hFy; `kPJ. (* Nf. mUzhryk;> n[a;`pe;j;>gffk;67) ( **Nkw;gb mzpe;Jiuapy; INA nyg;.fHdy;.yl;Rkp)\ (***Nkw;gb gf;fk; 91.) itf;fk; tPud; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd xw;wH gilg;gphpT kNyrpahtpYs;s gpdhq;F jPtpy; ,aq;fp te;jJ. ehl;bw;F ciog;gjdhy; ve;j nrhe;j yhgj;ijAk; ehd; ngwkhl;Nld;. ,e;jpaHfs; ahTk; vd; rNfhjuHfs; - vd;w cWjp nkhopapid vLj;Jf;nfhz;l> ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf jq;fs; capiuAk; nfhLf;fj; jahuhd ,isQHfs; me;j xw;wH gilapy; ,Ue;jdH. ,e;j xw;wH gilapd; Kjy;fl;l eltbf;ifahf Ie;J xw;wH gil tPuHfs; Nfushtpd; Nfhopf;NfhL mUfpYs;s jz;Z}H flw;fiuapy; 27-12-1942- ,y; ePH %o;fpf; fg;gy; %yk; te;jpwq;fpdH. ,Nj Neuj;jpy; gHkhtpy; ,Ue;J muflfd; topahf kw;nwhU FO ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jJ. ,t;tPuHfs; jq;fsJ gzpfis ufrpakhf Nkw;nfhz;L tUk;NghJ rpyuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L midtUk; ifjhdH. ,e;j xw;wHgil tof;fpy; Ie;jhz;Lfs; fLQ;rpiwj; jz;lidg; ngw;w 14 NgUs; jkpo;ehL fPuhk;G+iur; NrHe;j K`k;kJ fdp vd;w ,];yhkpa ,isQUk; cz;L. kh.R. mz;zhkiy* nrd;id Nfhl;ilapy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;L midtUk; nrd;id rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldH. tprhuiz elj;jp[a ePjpgjp khf;> ItUf;F kuzjzlidAk; 14 NgUf;F Ie;jhz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lidAk; toq;fpdhH. ,jpy; kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l Ithpy; /NgNuuh vd;w tPuH kl;Lk; rpy rl;lr; rpf;fy;fs; fhuzkhfj; jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpdhH. Kuz jz;lidg; ngw;w kw;w ehy;tH : itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH> gT[hrpq;> v];.rp.gujd;> Mde;jd;. (* kh.R.mz;zhkiy> Rk;kh tutpy;iy Rje;jpuk;. Jpdkzpr;RlH.4.8.1996.>gf;fk;.9) 1943 Mk; Mz;L nrg;glk;gH 10-Mk; Njjp mjpfhiy ,e;ehy;tUf;Fk; J}f;F. J}f;fpw;F Ke;jpa ehs; ,uT itf;fk mg;Jy; fhjH Njrj;J kf;fSf;F vOjpa kly;;: mikjpiaAk; epHkykhd kdijAk; my;yh vdf;F je;Js;shH. ehl;Lf;fhf ehd; vd; tho;it ,of;fpNwd;. ePq;fs; cq;fs; kfdhd vd;id ,of;fpwPHfs;. ehis fhiy ,e;j capH epd;WtpLk;. ,e;j fuq;fs; vOjhJ. ,jak; Jbf;fhJ. ..ehl;bw;fhf capiu tpl;l KO epytpidg; Nghd;wtHfs; Kd;G ehd; kpfr; rpwpa nkOFtHj;jp uk;rhd; 7- Mk; Njjp nts;spf;fpoik fhiy 5-kzpf;Fk; 6-kzpf;Fk; ,ilNa ehd; kuzk; milNtd;. ,Njh fbfhuk; 12 mbf;fpwJ. vd; kuzj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lk; Muk;gpj;J tpl;lJ. vd;NwDk; xUehs; cq;fs; kfd; ,e;j Njrj;jpw;fhfj; ijhpaj;Jld; kuzj;ijr; re;jpj;jhd; vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPHfs; ! J}f;Fj; jz;lid epiwNtw;wg;gLk; ehs;... nrd;idr; rpiwr;rhiyf; ifjpfs; midtUk; te;Nj khjuk; ghl> itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH jd;NdhL J}f;fpy; Vw;wg;gLk; %tUld; ghuj khjhfp N[ vd;w Nfhrj;Jld; J}f;F Nkil Nehf;fp elf;fpwhH. mg;Jy; fhjhplk; cdJ ,Wjp tpUg;gk; vd;d? vd;W Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. mjw;F mg;Jy; fhjH : ,e;J kjj;ijr; rhHe;j vd; ez;gH Mde;jidAk; vd;idAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; J}f;fpypl Ntz;Lk;! kjq;fle;j kdpjNea czHTld; ,k;kz;zpw;fha; J}f;fpNyhpa mj;jpahfpapd; cly; xl;Nlhp ikjhdj;jpy; Gijf;fg;gl;lJ.* J}f;F fapw;wpd; fz;zpfSf;Fs; jq;fs; fOj;Jf;fis mUk;Gfsha;j; njhLj;J> ,e;jpa Njrj;jpw;F Rje;jpu khiyahd mj;jpahf kyHfspy; itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH ,e;jpa tpLjiy tuyhw;iw thrg;gLj;jpatH. ,dp mtiuAk; itf;fk; tPud; vd;W miof;fyhNk ! (* Nkw;gb.> gf;fk;.9-10.) mwpQdpd; Ngdh NghHf;fsj;jpy; ths;Kidapy; rpe;jg;gLk; uj;jj;Jspfis tpl xU mwpQdpd; Ngdhtpd; ikj;Jsp typik kpf;fJ! - vd;whH mz;zy; egp (]y;) mtHfs;. ,e;j typikia ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa mwpQH xUtH cz;L. 1912 - ,y; cUJ nkhopapy; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa my;- `pyhy; gj;jphpif kpf Ntfkhf Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. mJ Gjpjhf cgNjrpj;j rf;jp tha;e;j Njrpak;>kf;fisg; nghpJk; ftHe;jJ. ghku kf;fspilNa Gul;rpfukhd gugug;ig my;-`pyhy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. cUJ gj;jphpif cyfpd; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; my-`pyhypd; tUif xU jpUg;gkhf mike;jJ. ,yh`hghj;jpypUe;J Mq;fpy muR ntspapl;l gadPH; gj;jphpifapd; nra;jpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf;Fk; Kjd;ikahd ,e;jpa gj;jphpifahf my;-`pyhy; jpfo;e;jJ. gphpl;B\; murplk; tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J nfhz;L> Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;F ntspNa ,Ug;gJ jhd; ,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; eyDf;F Vw;wJ vd;w nfhs;if cila tl ,e;jpa Nky;jl;L K];ypk; jiytHfSf;F vjpuhd xU Nfhrj;ij my;-`pyhy; Kd; itj;jJ.* kj;jpa rl;lrigapy; my;-`pyhy; gj;jphpif kPJ eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fuy;fs; njhlHe;J xypj;jjpd; fhuzkhf Mq;fpy muR ,g;gj;jphpifia Klf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpaJ. Mjd; Kjy; fl;leltbf;ifahf my;-`-yhy; gj;jphpif [hkpd; njhiff; fl;lNtz;Lk; vd;W muR cj;jutpl;lJ. Mjd; gb [hkpd; njhif fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jid vjpHghuhj muR [hkpd; njhia mjpfhpj;J kPz;Lk; 10 Mapuk; fl;l epHge;jpj;jJ.,jdhy; ,g;gj;jphpifia njhlu Kbahj epiy Vw;gl> my;-`pyhy; fhhpahyaNk %lg;gl;lJ. (* mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyntw;wp (jkpohf;fk;: V.[p. ntq;flhr;rhhp) gf;fk;>8.) ,jdhy; Klq;fpg; Ngha; tplhj ,g;gj;jphpifapd; MrphpaH> my;- gyh`; vd;w kw;nwhU gj;jphpifia Muk;gpj;jhH. ,g;gjpjphpif thrfq;fs; thrfH cs;sq;fspy; Rje;jpu Mtl;ifia gw;witf;Fk; mf;dp FQ;Rfshf ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy; kpuz;LNghd Mq;fpy muR gQ;rhg;> nj`;yp> gk;gha; kw;Wk; If;fpa khfhzq;fspYk;> Vd; gj;jphpif mr;rplg;gl;l fy;fj;jh efhpYk; $l ,g;gj;jphpif Eioaf;$lhnjd;W jiltpjpj;jJ. nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp mtHfs; 1911 - ,y; fhk;Nul; vd;w Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpifiaAk;> 1913 - ,y; `k;jh;j; vd;w cUJ gj;jphpifiaAk; Muk;gpj;J mbik ,e;jpahtpy; Mo;e;j epj;jpiuapy; ,Ue;j kf;fisj; jl;b vOg;g gs;sp vOr;rp ghbdhH. - v];.vk;. mg;Jy; fhjH.* ,Wjpahf Mq;fpy muR ,g;gj;jphpif Mrphpaiu 1916 - ,y; ifJ nra;J gP`hhpy; cs;s uhQ;rp rpiwapy; milj;jJ.** ,t;thW jd; Ngdh Kidahy; gj;jphpifj; Jiwiaf; fskhff; nfhz;L ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fj; jdJ Muk;gf;fl;lg; gq;fspg;igj; je;jtHfs;jhd; nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; ! (* v];.vk;.mg;Jy; fhjH>,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpd; re;jpNuhjak;>,];kp.khHr; 1984.) (**mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp ( jkpohf;fk; :V.[p. ntq;flhr;rhhp) gf;fk; 10.) vy;iyg;Guj;jpy; fhy;Nfhs; gQ;rhg; - rpe;J khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyg; Gwq;fspy; tho;e;j K];y;k;fs; fl;f vd;w MAjNke;jpa tpisahl;bYk; clw;gapw;rpapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatHfshthHfs;. Vjphpfsplk; NkhJtjpy; %Hf;fj;jd;ik cila ,k;kf;fisr; rhe;j nrh&gpfshf khw;wp> m`pk;i] topj;jlj;jpy; elj;jpr; nrd;wtHjhd; fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghHfhd;. 1930 fspy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy; tYg;gLj;jpdhH. mt;nty;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhy;Nfhis elj;jpatH vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd; ,tiu vy;iyf;fhe;jp vd;W Njrhgpkhdpfs; mioj;jdH; fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghH fhdpd; rNfhjuH lhf;lH fhd;rh`pGk; Nghuhl;l eltbf; iffspy; mtNuhL Jizepd;W gyKiw rpiwr;rhiyfisj; jhprpj;jhH.* (* V.vd;.K`k;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Ngjuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk; 241.) [khy; rNfhujuHfs; ehd; ntw;Wf; fhfpjj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;Lj; jUfpNwd;. ,e;J- K];ypk; xw;Wikg; gw;wp ePq;fSk; `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJTk; vd;d KbT nra;fpwPHfNsh> mJ vdf;Fr;rk;kjk;. vd;W M`hfhdplk; fhe;jp[p $Wk; mstpw;F> md;W jkpifj;jpy; nry;thf;F gilj;jtuhf `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJ tpsq;fpdhH. Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Wk; ms;spf; nfhLj;Jk; ,tH Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ. nrd;id khfhz fpyhgj; khehL epiwNtw;wpa Kjy; jPHkhdk; : murhy; toq;fg;gLk; nfsutq;fs;> mjpfhu rpd;dq;fs;> tpUJfs; Mfpaitfisg; ngwf;$lhJ. Ngw;witfis thg];; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. nrd;idapy; nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp jiyikapy; eilngw;w nrd;id khfhz fpyhgj; khehl;bw;F epjp jpul;Lk; nghWg;ig Vw;wtH %jwpQH; ,uh[h[p MthH. - k.ngh. rptQhdk;> tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpofk;> - Kjy; njhFjp. ,j;jPHkhdj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJtpd; rNfhjuH [khy; ,Guh`pk; rh`pg; jhd; tfpj;j kpf caHe;j Nfsut kh[p];bNul; gjtpia 1920 nrg;lk;ghpy; uh[pdhkh nra;jhH. Njr tpLjiyf;fha; - Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jq;fs; jhHkPf vjpHg;igf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfj; jq;fs; gjtpfisAk; me;j];JfisAk; Jwe;j ,];yhkpaH gyUz;L. fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; xU nksyhdh 1921 - ,y; fhe;jp[papd; Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;W jkpofk; KOf;f fs;Sf;fil kwpay; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiytHfs; gyH ,wq;fpdH, epy;f;Nfhl;ilj; jhYfh mstpyhd fs;Sf;fil Vyj;jpid Mq;fpy muR elj;jpaNghJ mjid vjpGj;J kpfg;nghpa kwpay Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;dpd;W elj;jp> kl;lg;ghiw ntq;fpluhk IaH> gl;lhgp rPjhuhikah MfpNahUld; rpiw nrd;wtHjhd; kJiu `h[p Kfk;kJ nksyhdh rh`pg;. kJiu thrp `h[p Kfk;kJ kTyhdh ngaH kq;FNkh mtH kdjpNy JaH jq;FNkh! kfpo;tpNdhL rpiwapy; thOk; khl;rp jd;id vz;ZtPH jpdk; tho;j;jp te;jid gz;ZtPH - fk;gk; gPH Kfk;kJ ghtyH. fs;Sf; fil kwpay; tof;fpy; ifjhd ,j;jiytHfs; kPJ mt;tof;fidg; gjpT nra;ahky;>> nfhs;is tof;fpid Mq;fpy muR Nghl;lJ. ,t;tof;fpy; rpiwthrk; mDgtpj;j kJiu nksyhdh> 1921 - ,y; jQ;rhT+hpy; eilngw;w khepy fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; muir gfpuq;fkhf tpkHrpj;Jg; Ngrpajw;fhf ,uz;lhz;Lfs; NtY}H rpiwapy; thbdhH. Kj;Juhypq;fj; NjtUld; ,ize;J kJiug;Gfjpfspy; 1937 fhqpfpu]; khehL Kjy; gy Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhH. 1942 - ,y; kJiu khefuhl;rpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j ngUikAk; nksyhdhTf;F cz;L.* (* r.fh.mkPH ghl;rh> ,e;jpa tpLjiyapy; ,];yhkpahpd; gq;fspg;G> FHMdpd; Fuy;> khHr; 1998> gf;fk; 39-40.) nry;thf;F kpf;f nry;te;jH fhe;jp[p Muk;gpj;j fs;Sf; fil kwpay; Nghuhl;lk; Kjyhd midj;J Njrpa ,af;fq;fSk; nghhpaFsk; jhYfh gFjpfspYk; cj;jkghisak; Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspYk; eilngWtjw;fhd nghUshjhug; gpz;zdpapd; ehafuhf cj;jkghisak; Kfk;kJ kPuhd; vd;w `h[p fUj;j uhTj;jH jpfo;e;jhH. RNjrp ,af;fj;ij fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjpfspy; kf;fs; re;jpg;G> FW ehlfq;fs;> nghJf;$l;lq;fs; thapyhf Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;whH. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpia tPo;j;Jtjw;fhf fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;fpd; Kf;fpa CHfspy; fjH tpw;gidia Mq;fpy muR jil nra;jJ. ,jdhy; RNjrp ,af;fk; mg;gDjpfspy; Jtz;Ltplhky; fhf;f jhNd xU fjH tpw;gid epiyaj;ij cj;jkghisaj;jpy; Jtf;fpdhH. G+dhtpypUe;J fjH Milfisj; jUtpj;J> kf;fSF;fj; jilapd;wp fjH Jzp fpilf;f murpd; jilia kPwp toptFj;jhH. fpWf;fDq;f $lf; fjUil fz;lhy; fpopj;jplhg; ghisaj;jpy;... - vd;W ftpQH ehQ;rpy; MhpJ GfOk; cj;jkghisaj;jpy; tho;e;j kpfr;rpwe;j Njrpathjp Nfrpak; vd;w fh.rp. Kfk;kJ ,];khapy; MthH. jdpegH rj;jpahf; fpfj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wjw;fhf Mq;fpy muR ,tUf;F 500 &gha; mguhjKk; rpiwj;jz;lidAk; toq;fpaJ. Njr tpLjiyf;fhf kJiu rpiwapYk; gpd;dH mypg;G+H rpiwapYk; thbdhH. jpz;Lf;fy; fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; ,af;FeH V.v];. fpU\;zrhkp ma;aq;fhhpd; Ntz;Ljypy; 11-09-1922 - ,y; nghpaFsk; jhYfh mstpyhd fhq;fpu]; khehl;bid elj;Jk; KOg; nghWg;gpidAk; jd; nrhe;j nrytpy; Vw;whH. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l Kd;dzpj; jiytH Nryk; gp.tujuh[{Y ehAL mk; khehl;bw;Fj; jiyik Vw;whH. mtH jd; jiyik ciuia Mw;Wtjw;F Kd;> fhty;Jiw mjpfhhp xUtH Nkilapy; te;J xU fhfpjj;ij tujuh[{Y ehALtplk; mspf;fpwhH. mjpy; ,k;khehl;by; jhq;fs; ciu epfo;j;jpdhy; ifJ nra;ag;gltPHfs;! vd;w ifJ eltbf;ifapd; vr;rhpf;if thrfq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. fhty; Jiwapd; vr;rhpf;ifiag; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky; tujuh[{Y ehAL jiyik ciu epfo;j;jpdhH. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij Klf;Ftjw;fhf Mq;fpy muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;if fisAk; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyapy; Mq;fpy muR ele;J nfhz;l kpUf ntwpahly;fisAk; fLikahf tpkHrdk; nra;J NgrpdhH. Ngrpdhy; ifJ nra;Nthk;! vd;W vr;rhpj;j fhty;JiwapdH ifJ eltbf;ifapy; ,wq;fhky; iffl;b epdwdH. Rhp... Ngrp Kbj;j gpd;duhtJ ifJ nra;jhHfsh? ,y;iy. khehl;L ge;jypy; kl;Lky;y cj;jkghisak tl;lhuj;jpw;fs; tujuh[{Y ehALitf; ifJ nra;Ak; Jzpr;ry; Mq;fpy murpd; fhty;Jiwf;F tutpy;iy. cj;jkghisaj;jpypUe;J 20 fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; cs;s tPu ghz;bapy; tujuh[{Y ehALtpd; fhiu topkwpj;J mtiuf; ifJ nra;fpd;wdH. ,jd; gpd; eilngw;w tprhuizapy; mtUf;F Voiu khjq;fs; rpiwj; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.* khehl;by; Ngrf;$lhJ vd;W vr;rhpj;Jk; Ngrpatiuf; fhty;JiwapdH cj;jkghisak; Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpw;Fs; Vd; ifJ nra;atpy;iy vd;wht;> mJ `h[p fUj;j uhTj;jH mg;gFjpapy; ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;fpdhy;jhd;. fUj;j uhTj;jH Vw;ghL vd;gjhy; fhy;Jiw $l ifJ eltbf;iff;Dg; gae;jJ. jd; nfhilahYk; Njrpa eltbf;ifahYk; cj;jkghisak; gFjpfspy; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;w mg;ngUkfdpd; jpahfq;fs; Nghw;Wjw;FhpadthFk;. vq;fs; Rje;jpu Njrk; ghUf;Fs;Ns jpyfkhaj; jpfoNtz;Lk;. mjd; tre;j tpbay;fSf;fha; ,];yhkpahpd; mHg;gz;g;Gfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. midtiuAk; gilj;j ,iwtdpd; gf;fk; ek; midthpd; KfKk; jpUk;gNtz;Lk;. (* M.Howth Mohideen,Kajee karutha Rowther- A Study, 1990, PP.54-57.)
5. Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; K];ypk; ghtyHfs; by;yp tf;futHj;jp gfJH\htpd; gpujhd rk];jh ftpthzH jhNk xU Njrpa fPjj;ij ,aw;wpdhH. Me;j fPjj;ij mg;NghJ ghlhjtHfNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. nghJ itgtq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; mijg; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;W by;yp rf;futHj;jpNa Nehpy; fl;lisg; gpwg;gpj;jhH. me;j fPjkhdJ ,e;jpaHfspd; gz;ila tPur; nray;fis tpsf;fpaJld;> jw;Nghija tPo;r;rpiaAk; Nfl;gtH kdk; cUFk;gb rpj;jhpj;jJ. tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy. gf;fk; 63. vwpe;j fy; Vyk; NghdJ Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; ikyhb vd;Dk; Chpy; fhq;fpu]; rhHgpy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lf; $l;lk; Kjd;Kjyhf rjhtjhdj;ij epfo;j;jpf;fhl;ba rhjidahsUk; kpfr;rpwe;j NjrpathjpAkhd rjhtjhdp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyH ciuahw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ jpBnud;W mtHKd; xU fy; te;J tpOfpwJ. NkilapypUe;NjhUk; $l;lj;jpdUk; mjpHe;J tpLfpd;wdH. Mdhy; ghtyNuh epjhdkhf; fdpe;J mf;fy;iy vLj;J Nkirapd; Nky; itj;Jtpl;Lg; Ngr;irj; njhHfpwhH. ,f;fy; ghtyH Nky; vwpag;gl;l fy; md;W: kf;fs; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgLk; fhq;fpurpd; Nky; vwpag;gl;l fy;. Fhq;fpurpd; ngauhy; ghtyH Nky; tpOe;j ,f;fy;> fz;zhbg; ngl;bapy; fhl;rpg; nghUshf itj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;ba fhyk; njhiytpy; ,y;iy: mz;ikapNyAs;sJ. tpLjiyf;F cioj;j ghtyH Nky; tpOe;j fy; vd;W nghwpf;fg;gl;L Nghw;wg;glg; NghfpwJ? - vd;W czHr;rp nghq;f Ngrpagpd; mf;fy;iy Vyj;jpw;F tpl;lhH. fUq;fy; fdj;j nghUisj; je;jJ. mg;gzk; fhq;fpuRf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; 1920 ypUe;J fhq;fpu];,af;fj;jpd; Nghuhspfis topelj;jpatHfs;> ghtyH> lhf;lH vk;.,.ehAL> rpjhZg;gps;is Mfpa %tHjhd;. ,jpy; ghtyNu Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F M];jhd jiytH. Ghtyhpd; Ngr;rhw;wy; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kf;fs; tYitj; Njbj;je;jJ. me;epaj; Jzp gfp\;fhpg;G Nghuhl;lk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ,utpg;GJ}H vd;Dkplj;jpy; ghtyH jiyikapy; xU ngUe; Njrpa $l;lk;> t.Nt.R. IaH ,f;$l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;whH. ghtyH Ngr;ir Muk;gpf;fpwhH : $iw vd;why; jpUkzj;jpw;Fhpa GJ Mil> mjw;Ff; ifj;jwp Milfis vLg;gNj tof;fk;: ,wg;gpd; NghJk; GJMil NghHj;jtJ tof;fk;> mjw;F kpy; Jzp vLg;gH. vdNt kz Milahf ifj;jwpj; JzpiaAk; gpz Milahf kpy; JzpiaA; mzptH. vdNt ePq;fnsy;yhk; kzkf;fsh? gpz kf;fsh? kzkf;fs; vd;why; fjH kl;LNk mzpAq;fs;! - vd;W $l;lj;jpdhpd; rpe;jidiaj; jl;b vOg;gptpl;L Ngr;ir Lbj;jhH. clNd $l;lj;jpdH jhq;fs; mzpe;jpUe;j kpy;JzpfisAk;> me;epaj; JzpfisAk; fise;J Xhplj;jpy; Ftpj;jdH. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; me;epaj; Jzpfs; mq;Nf jPa;f;F ,iuahapd. ehfHNfhtpy; njd; jpUthq;$H ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpapy; ehd; gapd;w NghJ> vdJ jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytH NguhrphpaH nj.e. kfhypq;fk; mtHfs; xUKiw tFg;gpy; $wpdhH : ,utpg;GJ}H $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l vdJ je;ijahH ekr;rpthak; mtHfs;> ghtyhpd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L> jhd; mzpe;jpUe;j mme;epaj;Jzpfisf; fise;J jPr;Rthiyf;F jpd;df; nfhLj;J tpl;L> cs;shilAld; ,utpg;GJ}hpy; ,Ue;J vq;fs; Cuhd njq;fk;GJ}Uf;F 15 fpNyh kPl;lH ele;Nj te;jhH. ,e;epfo;r;rp> ghtyhpd; Ngr;R njd;gFjpfspy; Rje;jpu Nritapd; rPtdhf tpsq;fpaikf;Fr; rhd;whFk;. mwpahj ,sk; gUtj;Nj vdf;F murpay; Qhdg;ghY}l;ba mk;ikahH kfhkjp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyH MthH - vd;W nghUshjhu epGzH lhf;lH gh. Eluh[d; mtHfSk;: 1937 - k; Mz;by; ehfHNfhtpy; efuhz;ikf; fofj;jplypy; ghtyH Ngrpa tPu Kof;fj;jpy; VOr;rpAw;w rpWtHfspy; ehDk; xUtd; - vd;W jQirj; jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Kjy; JizNte;jH tp.I. Rg;gpukzpak; mtHfSk; $wpAs;s rhl;rpaq;fs;> Vuhskhd ,isQHfspd; cs;sj;jpy; Rje;jpu Nts;tpia %l;ba rpwg;G ghtyUf;F cz;L vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gh. [Pthde;jk; Nghd;w murpay; jiytHfs; ghtyhplk;> ,yf;fpa Qhdk; fw;wtHfshtH. jpyf; Rauh[; epjp f;fhf njUj;njUthfg; ghyH jiyikapy; Njrpag; ghly;fisg; ghbr;nrd;W epjp t#y; nra;jdH. fhe;jpabfs; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gpj;jTld;> fs;Sf; FbahNj Iah vd;w ,irg; ghliy vOjp> CH Cuhfr; nrd;W kJtpyf;Fg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ vdg; ghtyhpd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lg; gzp gue;J nry;fpwJ. fk;gk; gPHKfk;kJ ghtyH Mz;bg;gl;b rg; ,d;];ngf;flH gjtp. Fw;wg;gphpT vd xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;ijr; rhHe;j rpyiuj; jz;bf;Fk;gb nts;isf;fhu Ngyjpfhhp cj;jutpl;lhH. Fw;wk; VJk; nra;ahjtHfis> mg;ghtp ,e;jpaHfis XH ,e;jpad; jz;bf;fkhllhd; vd;W $wp kWf;fpwhH. Nkyjpfhhp Nfhgpf;fpwhH. clNd jdJ NghyP]; rPUilia mq;NfNa fow;wp vwpe;J> Ntiyia cjwpj; js;sptpl;Lg; Gwg;gLfpwhH. mtHjhd; fk;gk; gPHKfk;kJ ghtyH. fnyf;lUk; flTsy;y mbikg;NghyP]; fhd;];lgps; vkDky;y my;yh...ahmy;yh ,j;njhy;iyfs; mfYtJ ve;ehNsh? ,g;nghy;yhj Nga;fnsy;yhk; ,q;fpyhe;J NghtJk; ve;ehNsh? -vd;W NjrtpLjiyf;fha; ntjid thpfis tbj;jtH. 1923 -,y; me;epaj; Jzp gfp\;fhpg;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd;NghJ> fk;gj;jpy; [Tsp tpahghhpfis vy;yhk; $l;b me;epaj; Jzpfisj; jhq;fs; ahUk; tpw;gjpy;iy vd;W mtHfsplk; rj;jpak; thq;Fk; tiuapy; rj;jpahf;fpufk; elj;jp rhjpj;jhH. rhe;jKk; nghWikAk; jdp tbthfp khe;jiu Ml;nfhs;s te;j tpNtfp - vd;W fhe;jp[p gw;wp ,tH vOjpa ghly; md;W Koq;fhj Nkilfspy;iy. jdpegH rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; ifjhfp mypg;G+H rpiwapy; thbdhH. ,tuJ 13 ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfisj; Njrj;JNuhf Gj;jfq;fs; vd;W gphplB]; rHf;fhH gwpKjy; nra;J jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpdH. jpz;Lf;fy;>kJiu>jpUr;rp Mfpa efuq;fspy; %d;W Mz;Lfs; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fha; Eioaf; $lhJ vd;Wk; gphpl;B]; muR ,tUf;Fj; jil tpjpj;jpUe;jJ.Mdhy; ghtyNuh ruNgh[p cilapy; me;efHfSf;Fs; khWNtlj;jpy; Eioe;J gpur;rhuk; nra;jhH. gPHKfk;kJ mz;zy; nra;Ak; gpurq;fk; nrtpf;F mkpHjk; CHf;F coif;f ,t;Tyfpy; clnyLj;j G+q;Fkjk; ! ...... xj;Jioahik naDk; jj;Jtkij ,j;jiuapy; elj;jpa jud; fhrpdpNahH GfOk; fk;gk;efHjdpNy fspg;Gld; trpf;Fk; Nahfd; ! ... njhlHe;J ,tH Nkilapy; Ngr;$lhJ vd;W tha;g;G+l;Lr; rl;lk; Nghl;ldH. thapy; Jzpiaf; fl;bf;nfhz;L Nkil Vwp> irif %yk; ebj;Jg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhH. ghkQrhp> fhe;jp ky;ypif> Kj;jz;zh Nghd;w ,tuJ E}y;fspYk; Rje;jpu vOr;rp cz;L. ,tuJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lg; gzpfshy; <Hf;fg;gl;L > cj;jkghisak; fh.rp. Kfk;kJ ,];khapy; Nghd;NwhH Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Fjpj;jdH. Nghb fhd;Kfk;kJ GytH Nghd;NwhH Rje;jpu fPjq;fisg; ghbdH. tPjpapy; xU ghtyH 1919 Kjy; 1930 tiu kJiu efhpd; tPjpfspy; jhd; ,aw;wpa ghly;fisj; jd; kidtpAld; ghbf;nfhz;L cyh te;J Rje;jpu vOr;rpia Cl;bath. V.e.t. KifajPd; mgJy; fhjpH. ,];yhkpg; ngz;fs; tPl;iltpl;L ntsptuhj xU fhfl;lj;jpy; Njrj;jpw;fha; xU ngz; tPjp cyh te;jJ Gul;rpjhd;. Njr tpdpNahf rpe;J Nghd;w Njrpa fPjq;fs; gytw;iwg; gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;Ls;shH. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpYk;> fs;Sf;fil kwpaypYk; <Lgl;L 1930 Mk; Mz;by; ,UKiw rpiw nrd;Ws;shH tpy;Yg;ghl;by; xU ghtyH MRftpahfj; jpfo;e;j jhuhGuk; gp.vd;.mg;Jy; fgPH tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf;fshy; Njr tpLjiy czHTfis tsHj;jhH.fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;whH. fhkuh[Uld; xU ghtyH 1922 - ,y; fhq;fpu]pd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf fhkuh[H kf;fs; kj;jpapy; MjuT jpul;b CH Cuhfr; nrd;wNghJ> mtNuhL nrd;wtH ghtyH tpUJefH mg;Jy; uFkhd; gpur;rhuf;$l;lq;fs; Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd; mg;Jy; uFkhd; Rje;jpu fPjq;fisg; ghLthH. Kf;fs vOr;rpAld; $LtH. Ghly; cr;rj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ> fhkuh[H kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;F - vd;W Xq;fhyf; Fuy; nfhLf;f> kf;fs; N[! vdf; Nfhrk; vOg;GtH. ehlf Nkilapy; ek; ghtyHfs; EhlfNkilfspy; Rje;jpu fPjq;fisj; jdpg;ghly;fshf ,izj;J tp];tehjjh];> nrq;Nfhl;il fpl;lg;gh> Nf.gp.Re;juhk;ghs; Nghd;NwhH vOr;rpA+l;b te;j fjfl;lj;jpy;> mtHfSf;F epfuhfg; gy ehlf Nkilfspy; Rje;jpu fPjk; ,irj;jtH fhjHghl;rh. ,jdhy; gyKiw Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F ,tH MshdJz;L. kJiu nfhy;yd;gl;liuiar; rhHe;j mypahH vd;gtH Rje;jpu jhfk;> jha;tPL> jha;ehL> jpahf cs;sk;> et ,e;jpah Nghd;w Njrgf;jp ehlfq;fis kJiu khtl;lk; KOtJk; elj;jpAs;shH. gHkhtpypUe;J kJiu te;J FbNawpa mg;Jy; u`;khd; vd;gtUk; gyNjrgf;jp ehlfq;fspy; ghb ebj;Js;shH. Rje;jpu KuR> tpyhtH [hpdh Nghd;w Njrgf;jp ehlfq;fspy; ghb ebj;J Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jdJ gq;fspg;igr; nra;jtH kJiu V.gp.nkha;jPd;. ,d;Dk; vj;jid NgNuh? 1942-,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf gq;Nfw;W Mj;jpuk; nfhs; vd;gJ Nghd;w gy Rje;jpu fPjq;fisg; ghbatH ftpQH fh.K. n\hpg;. 1946 - ,y; ntspahd ,tuJ xsp vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; gy Rje;jpu fPjq;fisf; fhzyhk;. Njhs;fs; tpk;KJ jirAe; Jbf;FJ Rje;jpuk; vd;wTld; - Nfhiyths; nfhz;L jhf;fpdhw; Nghd;Nw ,Uf;FJ mbiknad epidj;jhy; - ,ij Ms;gtd; rpe;jpf;f tPzha; kWf;fpwhd; mjpfhuj; jd;ikapdhy; - Gtp Ms;tjw;fhf ehk; Mj;jpuk; nfhz;bly; mwKk; KiwAkhk;! - vd;W Nghuhl;l czHTfisj; jdJ ghly;fspy; gjpT nra;Js;shH. Mq;fpy Ml;rpNa cd; me;jpkf; fhyk; neUq;fptpl;lJ. - vd;W NtY}H efhpd; tPjpfspy; K];ypk; gf;fphp xUtH XahJ ghbf;nfhz;Nl jphpthuhk;. ,g;gb ,e;j Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf jq;fs; Gyikj;jpwid> Ngr;rhw;wiy> ebg;ghw;wiy mHg;gzpj;j tpyhrk; ntspg;gLj;jhj K];ypk; ghtyHfs; ,d;Dk; vj;jid NgNuh?
6. Mde;j Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; ms;spf; nfhLj;NjhH fPo;f;Nfhb ,e;jpahpy; Mapuf;fzffhd NgHfs; jq;fs; nrhj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;Ff; nfhLj;J tpl;L> ifapy; jk;gb$l ,y;yjky; uhZtj;jpy; FLk;g rfpjkhfr; NrHe;J> jha; ehl;Lf;fhfg; gf;fphpfshf Mdij vd; fz;fshy; ehNd ghHj;jpUf;fpNwd;.* - INA Nfg;ld; \h eth];fhd;. N]tf; fp `pe;j; 1943 [{iy 2 - Mk; Njjp rpq;fg;G+hpy; M]hj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH (Azad Hind Government) vd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa jw;fhy;f Rje;jpu muir epWtpa Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh];> mt;turpd; epHthf nrytpw;fhfTk;: Mrhj; `pe;j; gTr; vd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;ij elj;Jtjw;fhfTk; hp]Ht; Ngq;f; xd;iw epWtpdhH. mt;tq;fpf;fhd epjpia rpq;fg;G+H> kNyrpah> gHkh Nghd;w fPio ehLfspy; jpul;bdhH. mt;thW epjp jpul;Lk; $l;lk; cd;iw gHkhtpd; jiyefuhd ,uq;$dpy; $l;bdhH. $b,pUe;j me;efuj;J tpahghu gpuKfHfsplk; Nejh[p NgRk;NghJ> NjrtpLjiyf;fhfg; NghuhLk; ek; ,epjpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;F ms;sp toq;Fq;fs; - vd;W Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhH. tUifje;j tpahghug; ngUkf;fs; midtUk; xd;W $bg; Ngrp> vq;fs; tUkhzj;jpy; 10 rjtpfpjj;ij ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;F njhlHe;J toq;FfpNwhk; vd;W mwptpj;jdH. ,t;twptpg;igf; Nfl;l Nejh[p rw;W Nfhgj;Jld;> jha;ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf uj;jk; rpe;Jk; vq;fs; tPuHfs; Ie;J rjtpfpjk; 10 rjtpfpjk; vd;W fzf;Fg; ghHj;jh rpe;Jfpd;wdH? ePq;fs; epjp toq;f ghHf;fpd;wphPHfNs ! - vd;W Ngr> $l;lj;jpypue;J jiyapy; njhg;gp> jhbAld; kjpatH xUtH Nkilia Nehf;fp tUfpwhH. te;jtH Nejh[papd; ifapy; xU fhfpjj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwhH. mij thq;fpg; gbj;j Nejh[papd; fz;fspy; ePH jpuz;L ,ik tug;GfSf;Fs; Kl;b Nkhjp epw;fpwJ. Nejh[p czHr;rp trg;gLk; tifapy; mf;fhfpjj;jpy; mg;gb vd;d jhd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ? ...,e;jpa Njr gf;jHfs; gyH jq;fSila nrhj;Jf;fisr; Rje;jpu ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F mHg;gzk; nra;jdH.=`gPg;> =fd;dh Kjypa gpuKfHfs; Rje;jpug; NghUf;F cjtpahf yl;rf;fzf;fhd njhifia thhp toq;fpdH. rpy ehl;fspy; ,e;jpa Njrpa tq;fpapy; 25 Nfhb &gha;f;F Nky; NrHe;Jtpl;lJ. -n[akzp Rg;gpukzpak;.* uq;$d; khefhpy; vdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU Nfhb &gha; kjpg;Gs;s tpahghu epWtdq;fis ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;fhf ehd; vOjp itf;fpNwd; vd;w nfhil thrfq;fs; mf;fhfpjj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wUe;jd. mt;thrfq;fis vOjpa fuq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuuhd Kfk;kJ `gPg; vd;w me;j Kjpatiu Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; Muj;jOtpatuhf> ,tH jhd; N]tf; fp `pe;j; (,e;jpahtpd; NrtfH) vd;w ngUkpjj;Jld; mwptpj;jhH.** ,t;thW Nejh[p gil elj;Jtjw;fhd nghUshjhug; gpz;zdpia cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;jtHfSs; ngUk;ghNyhH fPio ehLfspy; tho;e;j Kfk;kJ `gPg; Nghd;w K];ypk; jdte;jHfshtH. (* n[akzp Rg;gpukzpak;> Nejh[papd; tPg;NghH ,uz;lhk; ghfk;> gf;fk; 181) (** Nf. mUzhryk;> n[a;`pe;j;> gf;fk; 86.) Nejh[papd; khiyf;F %d;W yl;rk; gphpl;B\; murhq;fj;jhy; jilnra;ag;gl;l Nejh[papd; ,sikapd; fdT> NeHtop Mfpa ,uz;L Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;J Njrpa czHthy; J}z;lg;gl;L jdJ 21 tajpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy; jd;id If;fpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ltH vk;.Nf.vk;.mkPH `k;rh. Vz;gJ taJ Kjpatuhf ,d;W nrd;idapy; tho;e;J tUk; ,j;jpahfr; nrk;ky; gy yl;rq;fisj; Jzpr;rYld; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;F thhp toq;fpatuhthH. gphpl;B\huhy; ehLflj;jg;gl;l tq;fj;ijr; rhHe;j uh\;gp`hhp Ngh]; Muk;gpj;j ,e;jpa Rje;jpu yPf; mikg;gpy; jd;id Kjy; eguhfg; gjpT nra;jhH. gpd;dH Nejh[pGul;rpg; gilf;Fj; jiyik Vw;w NghJ mjpYk; jd;id KOikahf mHg;gzpj;jhH. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpajw;fhfg; gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; tpjpj;j kuz jz;lidapypUe;J jg;gpatH. 1943 - ,y; Nejh[p uq;$Df;F Kjypy; nrd;wNghJ ele;j tpohtpy; mtUf;F mzptpf;fg;gl;l khiyfisg; Nghuhl;l epjpf;fhf Vyk; tpl;ldH. mk;khiyfspy; xd;iw %d;W yl;rk; &ghf;F Vyj;jpy; vLj;jhH. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy; mkPH `k;rh gzpahw;wpaijg; ghrj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtuJ je;ij tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,uz;L ehs; mtiu tPl;by; G+l;bitj;Jtpl;lhH. ,jid mwpe;j Nejh[p mkPiuAk; mtuJ je;ijiaAk; mioj;J tur;nra;jhH. ehL Rje;jpuk; mila Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czHr;rpg; nghq;f vLj;Jiuj;jhH. Nejh[papd; ciuahliyf; Nfl;L czHr;rp trg;gl;l ,tuJ je;ihahH> jdJ rl;ilg; igapypUe;j fhNrhiyg; gj;jfj;ij vLj;J ,uz;L yl;rj;J Kg;gjhapuj;Jf;fhd xU fhNrhiyia vOjp Nejh[paplk; nfhLj;jNjhL jd; kfidAk; KOikahf Nejh[paplk; xg;gilj;jhH. 23-01-1944 - ,y; Nejh[pd; 47 tJ gpwe;j ehspd; NghJ xU yl;rj;Jf;fhd fhNrhiyia ,tH Nejh[p;lk; toq;fpaNjhL> jdJ itu Nkjjpuj;ij Nejh[p;f;F gpwe;j ehs; ghprhf mzptpj;jhH. mkPH `k;rhTf;Fk; mtuJ je;ijahUf;Fk; Nejh[p Gj;jhilfis toq;fp nfsutpj;jhH.* 23-01-1944 ,y; Nejh[papd; 47-tJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh uq;$d; [{g;sp muq;fpy; eilngw;wJ. gHkh tho; jkpoHfs; Nejh[pf;F vilf;F vil jq;fk; nfhLj;jdH.vjpHghHj;jij tpl %d;W klq;F mjpfkhfj; jq;fKk; eiffSk; Ftpe;jd. - mkPH `k;rh. jdJ nry;tj;ij vy;yhk; Nejh[papd; Rje;jpug; gzpf;F toq;fptpl;L> Nejh[p jdf;F toq;fpa rl;ilj; Jzpia ,dwsTk; ghJfhj;jtuhf> gioa jpahf ehl;fis epidtpy; gRikAld; Ve;jpatuhf ,d;Wk; nrd;idapy; tho;e;J tUk; ,g;ngUkfid> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghd;tpoh Mz;by; ahH nfsutpj;jhH? (* mkPH `k;rh> Nejh[papd; khiyf;F &. 5 yl;rk; > jpdkzp Rje;jpu nghd; tpoh kyH>gf;fk; 69.) kfhj;khit mjpu itj;j khkdpjH NjrtpLjiyf;fhf NghuhLk; fhqpfpu]; Nghpaf;fj;jpd; nghUshjhu Mjhuq;fSf;fhf epjp jpul;Lk; Kaw;rpapy; fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b Kide;jJ. 1921 khHr; 31 - Mk; Njjp tp[athlhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b $l;lj;jppy; xU Nfhb &gha; epjp jpul;LtJ vd;Wk;> me;epjpf;F jpyfH epidT Rauh[; epjp vd;Wk; ngahpl;ldH. me;j epjpapy; 60 yl;rj;ij gk;ghapYk; kPjKs;s 40 yl;rj;ijg; gpw efuq;fspYk; t#y; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W fhe;jp[p mwptpj;jhH. gk;ghapd; kpfg; nghpa njhoy; mjpgHfshd V.gp. fhl;nu[; %d;W yl;rKk;> n[aehuhazd; ,e;J ky;jhdp Ie;J yl;rKk;> Mde;jpyhy; ,uz;L yl;rKk; epjp toq;fpdH. yl;rf;fzf;fpy; epjp jpuz;Lnfhz;bUe;j me;Neuj;jpy; gk;ghapd; kpfg; nghpa gQ;rhiyapd; mjpguhd ckH Rg;`hdp vd;w ,];yhkpaH fhe;jp[paplk; Nehpy; nrd;W> jpyfH epidT Rauh[;a epjpf;fhf xU Nfhb &gha;f;fhd fhNrhiyia toq;fpdhH. fhNrhiyia ifapy; thq;fpa fhe;jp[papd; fz;fs; mjpy; epug;gg;gl;bUe;j njhifia thrpj;jNghJ Mr;rhpaj;jhy; tphpe;jJ. fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; epjp jpul;Lk; jpl;lj;ij xUtNu epiwNtw;wpj; jUfpwhNu vd;w kfpo;r;rp xUGwk; ,Ue;jhYk;> Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l epjp vd;gjhy; mjpy; gyuJ gq;fspg;Gk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ rpwg;Gilajhf mikAk; vd;W fhe;jp[p fUjpdhH. vdNt mf;fhNruiyia ckH Rg;`hdpaplNk jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;J> rpy yl;rq;fs; kl;Lk; toq;Fq;fs; vd;fpwhH. fhe;jp[papd; tpUg;gg;gb rpy yl;rq;fis ckH Rg;`hdp toq;fpdhH. xU Nfhb &ghia jpyfH epidT Rauh[;a epjpf;F ckH Rg;`hdp toq;f Kd;te;j nra;jp Mq;fpy muRf;F vl;LfpwJ. gk;gha; khfhz it];uha; cldbahf ckH Rg;`hdpapd; njhopiy Klf;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; ,wq;FfpwhH. ckH Rg;`hdpapd; gQ;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; gQ;ir muNr tpw;Wj;jUk; vd;W epHg;ge;jg;gLj;jp thq;fp> kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;wJ. ,jdhy; ckH Rg`hdpf;F Vw;gl;l e\;lk; %d;W NfhbNa mWgj;J ehd;F yl;rk;. ,jid mtuJ rNfhjhp ghj;jpkh ,];khapy; xU gj;jphpifg; Ngl;bapy; Fwpg;gl;Ls;shH.* me;epaj; Jzp gfp\;fhpg;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; Kidg;Gld; ele;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ> me;epaj; Jzpfis cq;fs; gQ;rhiyfspy; itj;J vhpA+l;lyhkh? vd;W fhe;jp[p Nfl;lhH. mjw;F vd; gQ;rhiy ,ijtpl NtW xU ey;y fhhpaj;jpw;Fg; gad;glthg; NghfpwJ vd;W ckH Rg;`hdp gjpyspj;jpUf;fpwhH. me;epaj; Jzpfisj; jPapd; ehTf;Fj; jpd;df; nfhLf;Fk; vOr;rpkpf;f epfo;r;rp fhe;jp[p jiyikapy; ckH Rg;`hdpapd; gQ;rhiyapy; eilngw;wJ. Mqpfpy murhy; jdJ njhopYf;F NkYk; ,ilQ;ry;fs; tUk; vdj;njhpe;Jk;> jd; gQ;rhiyia me;epaj; Jzpfis vhpA+l;Lk; fskhf mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jNjhL> 30 Mapuk; kjpg;Gs;s me;epaj; JzpfisAk; vhpA+l;l toq;fpdhH. 1921 mf;NlhgH 9 Mk; NjjpAk; me;epaj; Jzpfis vhpA+l;Lk; kw;nwhU epfo;r;rp ckH Rg;`hdpapd; gQ;rhiyapy; eilngw;wJ. me;epaj; Jzp gfp\;fhpg;G Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F fsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jjw;fhf ckH Rg;`hdpf;F gphpl;B\; muR nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;! Njr tpLjiyf;fhf nfhLj;Jk; ,oe;Jk; nghUshjhu jpahfq;fisr; nra;j ckH Rg;`hdpapd; ngaiu ,d;ahtJ ,e;jpa tpLjiy tuyhW cr;rhpf;Fkh? (* ep[hKj;jPd; [khyp> xU Jzp tpahghhpapd; fij> rpe;jidr;ruk; etk;gH 1997.>gf;fk;32-33.) t.c.rp apd; NerH cj;jkghisaj;jpypUe;J Nghbehaf;fD}Uf;F nry;Yk; topapy; cs;s XH mofpa fpuhkk; Nfhkig. Kiyabthuj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy; Nfhk;ig vdg;ngaH ngw;wJ. ,aw;ifapd; mbthukhf kl;Lky;yhky;> Njrpa tpLjiy vOr;rpapd; mbehjkhfTk; ,t;T+H jpfoe;jpUe;jJ. t.c.rp iag; gw;wpg;NgRk; Nghnjy;yhk; cr;rhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngaUf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuH ,t;T+hpy; tho;e;j c.k.Nr Ki`jPd; gps;is rh`pg; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is> Rg;gpukz;a rpth> rHf;fiur;nrl;bah> kfhftp Rg;gpukz;a ghujp Nghd;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhspfspd; cw;w ez;guhf tpsq;fpatH. 1905 - ,y; RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpf;fhf gq;FjhuHfisr; NrHf;f te;j t.c.rp.> Rg;gpukz;a rpth> rHf;fiu nrl;bah MfpNahiuj; jdJ ,y;yj;jpy; gy ehl;fs; jq;f itj;J cgrhpj;jhH. RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdp gq;Ffisj; jhd; thq;fpaNJhL cj;jkghisak;>fk;gk;> Rw;Wtl;lhuq;fspy; tho;e;j jdte;jHfs; gyiug; gq;FjhuHfshf;fpf; nfhLj;jhH. 1907 - ,y; #uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F t.c.rp.> Rg;gpukz;a rpth> rHf;fiur; nrl;bahH MfpNahiuj; jd; nrhe;r; nrytpy; mioj;Jr; nrd;whH. 1908 - ,y; gphpl;B\; muR jdJ mlf;F Kiwfis fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lJ.Njrpaj;jiytHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH. gy jiytHfs; jiykiwT tho;f;if elj;jpdH. T.c.rp.> Rg;gpkz;a rpthNthL jiykiwTf;F ghJfhg;G Njb Ki`jPd; gps;isia ehb te;j NghJjhd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Nfhak;gj;J}H rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH. Nfhit rpiwapy;jhd; mtH nrf;fpOj;j nfhLik eilngw;wJ. ,e;j ntQ;rpiwf; nfhLikiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l ghujpahH> NkNyhHfs; ntQ;rpiwapy; tPo;e;J fplg;gJk; E}NyhHfs; Nrf;fbapy; NehTtJk; fhz;fpNyNah! - vd;w ghly; thpfis Ki`jPd; gps;isf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy; jPl;b jd; tUj;jj;ijg; gfpHe;jpUf;fpwhH. 1908 - ,y; t.c.rp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J ney;iyapy; kpfg;nghpa vOr;rpg; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. me;j kwpay; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Jg;ghf;fj; Njhl;lhf;fSf;F gypahd gyhpy;... Kjy; egH Kfk;kJ ahrpd; vd;w ,isQuhthH. - jdJ Rarhpij apy; t.c.rp. t.c.rp. tpLjiyahd gpd; Ki`jPd; gps;isapd; ,y;yj;jpy; gyKiw te;J jq;fpAs;shH. mg;NghJjhd; mtH jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vOjpdhH. Me;j E}iy cj;jkghisak; Mde;jh mr;Rf; $lj;jpy; gjpg;gpj;Jf; nfhLj;jtH cj;jkghisak; Nf.vk;.mfkJ kPuhd;.* Ki`jPd; gps;is> m`kJ kPuhd; MfpNahH nra;j cjtpfSf;fhf t.c.rp mtHfsf;F vOjpa fbjq;fs; gy. (* kjpeh> brk;gH 1986.> [dthp 1987) RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; ,e;jpa RNjrp tHf;ffj;jpd; yl;rpaf; fdthd RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; - vd;w RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpia t.c rpjk;guk; gps;is 16-10-1906 - ,y; epWtpdhH. ,e;epWtdj;jpw;F gq;FjhuHfisr; NrHf;Fk; Kqw;rpapy; mtH ,wq;fpaNghJ mtUf;F ek;gpf;iff; fuk; ePl;bath `h[p V.MH. gf;fPH Kfk;kJ Nrl; MthH. &gha; ,uz;L tl;rk; kjpg;Gs;s 8000 gq;Ffis mtH jdJ fk;ngd; rhHghf thq;fpdhH. Mjpf gq;Ffis thq;fpa fhuzj;jpdhy; RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; fk;ngdpapd; nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,jid ghujpahH ,e;jpah gj;jphpifapy; ,e;j fk;ngdpapd; gpurpnld;l; kp];lH ghz;bj;NjtH(ghytde;jk; [kPd;jhH)> nk]H]; `h[p. gf;fPH Kfk;kJ Nrl; fk;ngdpahNu nrf;unlhpfs;> m]p];nlz;l; nrf;unlhpahf J}j;Jf;Fb tf;fPy; kp];lH rpjk;guk; gps;is epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhH. - vd;W 20-10-1906 - ,y; vOjpaij rPdptp];tehjd; jdJ RNjrpaj;jpd; ntw;wp E}ypy; vLj;jhz;Ls;shH.* ,t;thW t.c.rpapd; ,khya Kaw;rpf;F mbj;jhq;fy;fshf gy K];ypk; ngUkf;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. t.c.rpapd; Kaw;rpia jpahfj;ij kjpf;Fk; ek; Mjq;fnky;yhk;> fg;gy; Xl;ba jkpodpd; Gfiog; NgRk; Nghnjy;yhk; `h[p. gf;fPH Kfk;kJ Nrl;ilAk; nfhQ;rk; NrHj;Jg; NgRq;fNsd; vd;gJjhd;. (* nr.jpthd;> tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;>gf;fk; 78.)
1920 - ,y; <Nuhl;by; eilngw;w k[;ypRy; cykhtpd; %d;whtJ khehl;bw;F tUif je;j nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp f;F tuNtw;G mspj;j <.Nt.uh nghpahH> mt;tuNtw;Giuapd; NghJ : fhe;jp[pf;Fs; ,e;j Njrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; me;j fhe;jpNah nksyhdh Kfk;kJ mypapd; N[g;gpw;Fs; ,Uf;fpwhH! vd;whH. me;j mstpw;F jdJ Njrpa eltbf;iffshy; kpfg;ngUk; jhf;fj;ij ,e;j kz;zpy; Vw;gLj;jpatH nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp. 1930 - ,y; yz;ldpy; ele;j tl;lNkir khehl;by; gq;Nfw;f fhe;jp[pAld; nry;fpwhH. mg;NghJ mtH cly;eyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhH. khehl;by; Ngr mtUf;F Ie;J epkplq;fNs mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Njr eyDf;fhf Njf eyidAk; nghUl; gLj;jhky; NgRfpwhH. Fhy mtfhrj;ij kw;e;J ,uz;L kzp Neuk; Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpa muq;F mtuJ ciuiaf; Nfl;lJ. nksyhdh Mw;wpa mt;Tiuapd; ,Wjp thHj;ijfs; : vd; Njrj;jpw;F ehd; jpUk;g tpUk;GfpNwd;. (vd;W cuj;j Fuypy; $wpatH) mt;thW vd; Njrj;jpw;F ehd; jpUk;GtJ> vq;fs; Njrj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cj;juit ePq;fs; vd; ifapy; nfhLj;jhy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk;. Vndd;why; xU mbik ehl;bw;F ,dp jpUk;Gtij ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ehd; ,e;j me;epa kz;zpy; kuzpg;gij tpUk;GfpNwd;. Vndd;why; ,J Rje;jpu kz;. vdNt vq;fs; Njrj;jpw;F Rje;jpuk; nfhLq;fs;! ,y;iyNay; cq;fs; kz;zpy; ehd; mlf;fkhf xU fy;yiw nfhLq;fs; !* * I Want to go back to my country. He said in a loud voice. If I can go back with the substance of Freedom in my hand. Otherwise Iwill not go back to a slave country. Iwill even prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a Free Country,and if you do not give us Freedom in India, You will have to give me a grave here. - Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India- The Role of Ali Brothres, P.231. yz;ld; tl;lNkir khehl;by; nksyhdh K`k;kJ myp Ngrpa gb mq;NfNa 04-01-1931- ,y; fhykhdhH. mtH vz;zk Nghy; xU Rje;jpu kz;zpy; kuzk; epfo;e;jhYk;> mtuJ [dh]hit (,we;j cliy) yz;ldpy; mlf;fk; nra;a K];ypk; ehLfs; rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. vq;fs; kz;zpy; ey;ylf;fk; nra;fpNwhk; vd;W 22 ehLfs; mtuJ [dh]hit Ntz;b epd;wd. ,Wjpahf igj;Js; Kfj;j]pd;(n[Uryk;) nghWg;ghsH mkPUy; `{i]dp fpyhgj; fkpl;bia Ntz;bf; nfhz;ljw;fpzq;f> nksyhdhtpd; [dh]h igj;Jy; Kfj;j]py; my;-mf;]h gs;spthry; mUfpy; ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp mtHfs; Gdpj `[; gazk; nrd;wNghJ> Gd;j f/gh Myaj;jpd; jpiurPiuiag; gpbj;J fz;zPH ky;fpathW Nfl;l gpuhHj;jid : ,iwth... vd; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpw;F Rje;jpuj;ijj; jh ! Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhj;jpw;F tho;itj; jh ! nksyhdh Kfk;kJ mypapd; gpuhHj;jidahd Rje;jpu ,e;jpah kyHe;J tpl;lJ. Mdhy; Njrj;jpd; tpbaYf;fha; gy;NtW Jiw rhHe;j mHg;gzpg;Gfis jpahfq;fisr; nra;j ,];yhkpa rKjhaj;ij ,d;W me;epag;gLj;Jk; Nghf;Ffs; ,k;kz;zpy; NtHgug;Gk; Ntjid tsHe;J tUfpwJ. vdNt nksyhdh Nfl;l Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhj;jjpw;F tho;itj; jh ! vd;w gpuhHj;jid... kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;ba #oy; cUthfpAs;sJ. ,d;W nghd;tpoh fhZk; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; xt;nthU K];ypkpd; gpuhHj;jidAk; - [Ptj; Jbg;Gk; : vq;fs; Rje;jpu Njrk; ghUf;Fs;Ns jpyfkha; jpfo Ntz;Lk;. mjd; tre;j tpbay;fSf;fha; ,];yhkpahpd; mHg;gzpg;Gfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk; mNjhL ,e;j kz;zpy; ,];yhkpaH mikjpahf thotplg;gl Ntz;Lk; ... vd;gNj !
fp.gp. 1791 92.> tpNuhjp fpUj; ]k;tj;ruk;. =kj; guk`k;rhjp aNjhf;j tpUjhfpjhuz(tpUJfs; gyTila) rpHq;Nfhp =rr;rpjhde;j RthkpfSf;F> jhq;fs; mDg;gpa vOj;Njhtpak; %yk; tptuq;fs; mwpag;gl;ld. kuhj;jpa Fjpiu Ml;fs;(Fjpiug; gilapdH)te;J rpHq;NfhpapypUe;j gpuhk;kzH KjyhNdhiu kpfTk; mjpfkhf mbj;J Jd;GWj;jpAk;> nfhd;w tpguKk;> =rhujhk;ghis mfw;wp klj;jpypUe;j vy;yh nrhj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghdjhy; ehd;F rPlHfSld; fhHf;fsj;jpw;F te;J ,Ug;gij mwpe;Njd;. rhuhjuk;ghs; AfAfkhf ,Ug;gts;. ,g;NghJ ,j;nja;tj;ij kPz;Lk; gpu\;jpil nra;J itj;jhy; mts; #hpa re;jpuH cs;s msTk; epiyj;jpUg;ghs;. Njitahd jhdpaq;fs; ,ju kspif gUg;G tifawh nfhLf;Fk;gb Mizapl;Ls;sjhy;; (gyUf;F) md;dkpl;L> rhujhk;ghis nra;Jitj;J> gpujp\;ilAk; nra;J itg;gJ rhpNa my;yth? ,j;jifa ngUik tha;e;j jyj;jpw;F rphpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl JNuhfk; nra;j fuq;fs; mOJnfhz;Nl gyid mDgtpf;f Ntz;btUk;. ,ij RNyhfk; $Wfpwjy;yth? fypAfj;jpy; nra;j tpidfSf;F rPf;fpuj;jpNyNa mjd; jPa gyid mDgtpf;f Ntz;btUk;. FUj; JNuhfk; nra;jjw;F gyd;> tkpr ehrNk! Re;NjfNk ,y;iy. ,e;j tp\kf;fhuhfs; ,dp glg;NghFk; ghl;il ePq;fNs fz;$lhfg; ghHf;fg; NghfpwPHfs; . mtHfSf;F vj;jifa kpFe;j jho;epiy tuNtz;LNkh mg;gbNa Mrp $Wq;fs;. ,g;NghJ rhujhk;ghs; gpujp\;ilf;fhf 200 u`jpf;F Md jhdpaq;fSk;> nuhf;fk; 200 u`jpfSk; rHf;fhhpypUe;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. jtpu> ,d;Dk; ve;j kspifr; rhkhd;fs; Ntz;LkhdhYk;> mitfis nuhf;fk; nfhLj;J thq;fpj; jUk;gb efuh mrg;Gf;F cj;juT (Kd;\{H kyG+gp) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njitahd jhdpaq;fisAk; kw;witfisAk; jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.rHf;fhH ,dhkhf; nfhLj;j fpuhkj;jpypUe;J Ntz;ba rhkf; fphpiafisj; jUtpj;Jf;nfhz;L> kf;fSf;F czT gilf;fTk;> rhujhk;ghis gpujp\;il nra;Ak; NghJ eK;Kila Gfo;> nry;thf;F mjpfhpf;Fk; gbAk;> tpNuhjpfs; ehrkilaTk; gpuhHj;jid nra;aTk; vy;NyhUila eyDf;fhfTk; jtk; nra;aTk;. jhhpF 5 khN` rkhp rhy; [gH[pj; tpNuhjp fpUj; rk;tj;;ruj;jpd; M\hl Rj;j gQ;rkp.* (* [y[h rf;jpjhrd;> jpg;GRy;jhd; xU kjntwpauh? gf;fk; 53-54.)
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